Formation of the Kazakh Khanate and the Kazakh nation.

The consensus is that the Kazakh people or Kazakh nation was formed in the mid- fifteenth century when Janibek and Kerei, sons of Barak Khan of the White Horde of the Mongol empire, broke away from Abu'l Khayr , khan of the Uzbeks. Janibek and Kirai sought to capitalize on the power created by Abu'l Khayr's defeat by the Oirats (Mongols), and they moved with their supporters to western Zhety-Su—the land between the Chu and Talas rivers.Here their supporters increased in number, and they established own independent khanate. The territory of the Kazakh khanate continued to expand, so that by the middle of the sixteenth century it included most of the environs of Lake Balkhash and the lands immediately above and below the Syr Darya River, north to the Turgai River, and west to the lands just northwest of the Aral Sea. The Kazakh khanate was a political confederation composed primarily of Turkish-speaking nomadic tribes of Uzbek-TurkicThe term Kazakh came into use by the residents of the area possibly as early as the end of the fifteenth century and certainly by the mid-sixteenth century.The official first khan was Zhanibek.

49 Kazakh Khanate in the 16th century

The whole executive power in the hands of Khan. Hahn was elected by class of maslikhat torus(төре) - the descendants of Genghis Khan, and performed his duties. In the XV-XV1 century. Kazakh khans had broad powers arising from the functions they performed. Khan, a commander in chief, could declare war, conclude peace, to dispose of the whole territory of the khanate, appoint the heads of the rulers and subordinates ulus cities. There was a council biy Khan.

Kazakh Khanate in the 20's and 30's. XVI century. After the death of Kasim Kazakh Khanate was divided into several domains. Territories in the middle reaches of the Syr Darya owned Togym Khan, grandson of Kasim. In 1538, Khan Togym with all the offspring were killed, and his place was elected a son of Kasim - Khak-Nazar (1538-1580) The struggle for the Seven Rivers (against the Oirat and Moguls) for the northern lands - with Nogais, Bashkirs, Tatars (they were a part of the khanate, refusing to accept Russian citizenship). 1555-1558gg .- troops-Haqq Nazar was kept at a constant voltage of the rulers of Tashkent. The development of ranching and (zemeledelcheskogo???) farm trade. In the north-east-Haqq Nazar forces opposed Kalmaks. Creation of a military bloc against Kuchuk Khan. Increased contacts with Russia.

Territorial changes: the limits of the Khanate changed not only in terms of military and diplomatic abilities, victories and defeats, but most of the foreign circumstances. Managed to take control of land from the Syr Darya, the Aral Sea to the Emba and to the left bank of the Yaik, taking under its power of Nogai ulus. Kazakh Khanate in the late XVI century. After the death of Hak-Nazar, power passed to Tauekel.

Achievements: Tauekel broke the Kalmyks, who invaded the territory of the eastern and south-eastern Kazakhstan. 1586-1594 years. - Asserted its power to fight apponentami (plumes). The struggle for access to shopping centers in Central Asia. Successful completion of the long struggle for the city Syrdarya. Concludes the military alliance with Moscow against the Uzbek Khan. Diplomatic relations with Russia.

Territorial changes: the capture of cities Kazakhs Syrdarya, Tashkent, Bukhara, Samarkand and Fergana, for a short time.

50 Kazakh Khanate in the 17th century

Kazakh Khanate at Yesim Khan. Achievements: A peace treaty with Bukhara. (Vnutrepoliticheskaya??) power not stable. Kazakh Khanate was divided into more parts, reinforced by feudal strife. The Kazakh people was divided into three tribal associations - zhuzy. Gradually each of the 3 zhuzes appeared independent khans. Complicated by the external situation.

Territorial changes: Syrdarya and Tashkent city were assigned to the Kazakh Khanate. The composition of the Kazakh Khanate became Turkestan with its cities. Reform of the XVII century. Tauekel`s successor - Yesim had to endure even more severe political struggle, the outcome of which was a radical reform of the political system of the Kazakh state. Its essence was that the primacy of private elite - the torus(tore) replaced by the rule of the elite open - biy and elders. There was a kind of revolution biyskaya, restrict the political rights of chenghisides estate and established broad rights for communities and their leaders.

In the XVII century. has been defined and constant capital of the Kazakh Khanate - Turkestan, where Khan was in the winter. The struggle of Kazakhs from Dzhungarian invasion. After the death of Yesim khan Kazakh khanate began feuds that lasted several years. In the end Khan's son was proclaimed Yessim Zhangir Khan (1628-1652). The whole history of his reign is connected with the fight against Junggar aggression.

51 Jeti zhargy

Jeti Zhargy - this body of law of the Kazakh Khanate under Khan Tauke. Changes in political structure called the urgent need for treatment and legal basis for the organization of Kazakh society. This work was done all the XVII century and Khan Tauke has been translated into the code of laws "Zhety Zhargy" (Seven set). Developed was this set with the participation of famous biy Tole (Senior Horde) Kazybek Bi (average Horde) and Aiteke (Junior Horde) in the early XVII century

Jeti Zhargy included the following major sections:

* The Land Law (Jer dauy), which negotiated the settlement of disputes about pastures and watering points.

* Family-marriage law, which establishes the order of marriage and divorce, the rights and obligations of spouses, the property rights of family members.

* Military Law, which regulates the administration of military service, the formation of divisions and election officers.

* The position of the trial, negotiated order of the trial.

* Criminal Law, which establishes penalties for various types of crimes except murder.

* Law of Cune(куне), establishes penalties for murder and grievous bodily harm.

* Law of widows (Zhesir dauy), which regulates property and personal rights of widows and orphans, as well as commitment to the community and his family of the deceased.

52 Djungarian state

The end of the XVI and XVII century the first half of a special place in the history of Western Mongolia. The events of that time, prepared and led to the formation of the Djungarian state. Formed in the 17th century. Main occupation-nomadic herding. Huntayshi-title of the supreme ruler, was based on noyans and zhaysans.

The strategic goal of Jungar rulers in the first quarter of the 18th century, the subordination of expanses of Kazakhstan. Dzungar invasions disrupted the traditional ways of migrations, which intensified the internal strife of the Kazakh Khanate. 1643 orbulakskaya buttle. Adopt of Jungars-fire weapon with a wick. Interfered with organizing resistance to the Dzhungars division of three zhuzes. Active part in the fight against Dzhungars took batyrs Raimbek and Kabanbai. 1716 address to the Gagarin with a request for help. 1718 Battle of the River Ayaguz.- defeat. 1729-Anrakay buttle.1750 battle in place Ayak, resulting in a non-aggression pact signed between the Kazakhs and Dzhungars

Date: 2015-01-29; view: 2436