AnZebis, milebis ageba

maRlivi ewodeba nagebobas, romlis simaRle bevrad aRemateba maT zomebs ganiv kveTSi. aseTi nagebobebi upiratesad iReben horizontalur, ZiriTadad qaris datvirTvebs. maRliv Senobebs miekuTvneba gamwovi milebi (saventilacio, kvamlis), radio da satelevizio saanteno nagebobebis sayrdenebi, meteorologiuri koSkebi, sahaero eleqtrogadamcemi xazebis sayrdenebi da sxv.

maRlivi nagebobebi aucilebelia ara marto msxvili samrewvelo warmoebebisaTvis, maT gareSe SeuZlebelia Semdgomi ganviTareba iseTi dargebis, rogoricaa tele_ da radiokomunikaciebi, eleqtroenergiis gadacema Sor manZilze. maRali milebi xels uwyobs ekologiuri mdgomareobis gaumjobesebas.

cnobilia sakvamle da gazsarini milebis daniSnuleba. anZebi ZiriTadad gamoiyeneba eleqtrogadamcemi xazebisaTvis, koSkebi ki _ kavSirebis saSualebebisaTvis, maTze xSirad amontaJeben tele_ da radioprogramebis gadamcemebs, satelefono sistemebs.

koSki vertikalurad da Tavisuflad mdgari maRlivi nagebobaa, romelic xistad aris Camagrebuli saZirkvelSi, koSkis Wauri ankerebiT aris damagrebuli da gamoricxavs saWimarebis gamoyenebas. umetes SemTxvevaSi koSkis proeqtebs, rogorc sivrciT konstruqcias, aqvs prizmis an piramidis forma, xSirad umniSvnelo gardatexebiT simaRleze sartyelebis moxazulobaSi. koSki warmoadgens gisosian konstruqcias milismagvari, naglini an SeduRebuli profilebisgan. koSkis ganivi kveTi aris samkuTxedi, kvadrati, eqvswaxnagiani, rvawaxnagiani. koSkis centrSi zogjer gaTvaliswinebulia vertikaluri konstruqciebi liftis, kibeebis, sxvadasxva teqnologiuri mowyobilobebis SaxtebisaTvis.

koSkis mdgradoba uzrunvelyofilia saimedo CamagrebiT saZirkvelSi. saZirkvlis moculobis Semcirebis mizniT koSkis bazas aproeqteben gafarToebuli wakveTili piramidis saxiT, saZirkvlebiT mis perimetrze, koSkis zeda nawilis karkass _ prizmis saxiT. koSkis sartylebisa da gisosebis SeerTebas axorcieleben SeduRebiT an WanWikebiT.

radio da satelevizio sayrdenebis simaRle meryeobs 180-380 m-is (radiosareleo sayrdenebis _ 50-120 m-is, gamwovi mili-koSkebis _ 90-180 m-is, mexamridebis _ 170-230 m-is) farglebSi.

anZa vertikaluri maRlivi nagebobaa, romelic saZirkvels eyrdnoba saxsrulad an xistad aris Camagrebuli. mas mdgradobas unarCunebs ramdenime iarusad mowyobili foladis bagirebi _ saWimarebi. anZebs ZiriTadad gaaCniaT gisosiani konstruqciebi sam_ an oTxwaxnagiani kveTiT. SeiZleba iyos Sesrulebuli foladis furclebisgan mTliani milis saxiT. gisosiani anZebis Wauri Sedgeba 6.75-13 m sigrZis sivrciTi seqciebisagan, romlebic mzaddeba qarxanaSi da miltuCebisa da WanWikebis saSualebiT ikribeba mTlian konstruqciaSi. anZebi mzaddeba furclovani konstruqciebisagan da Sedgeba seqciebisagan. seqciis diametria 1.2-2.5 m, sigrZiT 9 m-mde, seqciebis SeerTebebs asruleben SeduRebiT an WanWikebiT.

anZebis da koSkebis mSeneblobisaTvis ZiriTadad gamoiyeneba foladi, iSviaTad rkinabetoni. zogjer koSkebs praqtikulad asruleben Sereuli konstruqciebisagan (qveda nawili rkinabetonis, zeda _ foladis).

anZebi koSkebTan SedarebiT ufro ekonomiuria foladis xarjiT da saerTo RirebulebiT. rac ufro maRalia nageboba, miT ufro mkveTria es sxvaoba, magram koSkebs anZebTan SedarebiT upiratesobebic gaaCnia:

? gaSenebis naklebi farTobi;

? gamoricxulia mWimebis perioduli Semowmeba, regulireba da Secvla;

? eqspluataciis procesSi didi saimedooba;

? moxerxebuli teqnologiuri mowyobilobebi montaJis da eqspluataciis procesSi;

? maRali esTetikuroba _ ar gamoiyeneba mWimebi da saWimarebi.

nagebobis konstruqciuli gadawyvetis miRebisaTvis, yovel konkretul SemTxvevaSi, asruleben sxvadasxva variantebis teqnikur-ekonomikur dasabuTebas mSeneblobis adgilobrivi pirobebis gaTvaliswinebiT.

KoSkebis montaJi

koSkebi didad gansxvavdeba sxvadasxva tipis Senoba-nagebobebisagan:

? konstruqciebis didi simaRliT; mniSvnelovnad aRemateba ganivi kveTis zomebs gegmaze;

? sakuTari konstruqciebis masasTan SedarebiT teqnologiuri mowyobilobebis umniSvnelo masiT;

? qaris datvirTvebTan SedarebiT, konstruqciebis sakuTari masa da teqnologiuri mowyobilobebis masa xasiaTdeba rogorc meorexarisxovani.

koSkebis agebis teqnologiuri faqtorebi:

? montaJis ganxorcielebis SesaZlebloba mniSvnelovnad aris damokidebuli meteorologiur pirobebze (qari, burusi, dabali temperatura, lipyinulianoba);

? samuSaoTa warmoebis zonaSi muSa adgilebis SezRuduli raodenoba;

? samontaJo elementebis mcire masa da mcire ganmeorebadoba;

? didi moTxovnebi samuSaoebis xarisxze da montaJis sizusteze, mudmivi geodeziuri kontroli.

koSkebis montaJisas unda iyos gaTvaliswinebuli gaCenili damatebiTi datvirTvebi:

? samontaJo meqanizmebidan (Sekiduli amweebi, jalambarebi, polispastebi);

? montaJis procesSi konstruqciebis sivrciTi mdgomareobis Secvla eqspluataciurTan SedarebiT (koSkis mobruneba saxsarze mobrunebis meTodis SemTxvevaSi);

? Seyursuli Zalvebis modeba koSkis calkeul kvanZebSi awevis procesSi (akrebili koSkis an misi nawilebis aweva amwiT).

ekonomikuri moTxovna koSkebTan:

? minimaluri danaxarjebi mSeneblobisa da eqspluataciis procesSi, nagebobis xanmedegoba;

? teqnologiuroba, mcire Sromis danaxarjebi nakeTobebis damzadebisa da montaJis procesSi;

? samuSaoebis minimaluri vadebi, maqsimaluri usafrTxoeba da samontaJo samuSaoebis warmoebis normaluri pirobebi.

koSkebis agebisaTvis ZiriTadad gamoiyeneba Semdegi meTodebi:

? konstruqciebis wazrda zedgmiT saproeqto mdgomareobaSi _ tradiciuli iarusiani ageba qvevidan zeviT;

? montaJi SemobrunebiT _ koSkis winaswari awyoba miwaze horizontalur mdgomareobaSi, aweva da Semobruneba saxsarze da dayeneba saproeqto vertikalur mdgomareobaSi;

? konstruqciebis montaJi qvedgmis meTodiT.

koSkebis montaJi zedgmiT (wazrdiT). am meTodiT aigeba koSkebi, romelTa simaRle ar aRemateba 100 m-s. meTodis Sinaarsia _ montaJi iarusebad qveda niSnulidan zeda niSnulamde sxvadasxva saxis samontaJo meqanizmebis gamoyenebiT. Tavdapirvelad gansazRvrul niSnulamde montaJs axorcielebs miwis piridan samontaJo amwiT, Semdeg gamoiyeneba sxva meqanizmebi, romlebic damagrdeba koSkis dayenebul nawilze.

montaJi wazrdis meTodiT SeiZleba ganxorcieldes sxvadasxva samontaJo meqanizmebiT (nax. 15.1).

nax. 15.1. koSkebis montaJis sqemebi:

a _ universaluri kiduli amwiT; b _ TviTamwevi amwiT milze;

g _ TviTamwevi portaluri saweveliT; d _ misadgmeli amwiT;

e _ vertmfreniT;

1 _ eleqtrojalambari RuziT; 2 _ sawevi polispastebi; 3 _ garsakrsi;

4 _ samontaJo CarCo; 5 _ mili; 6 _ ukana sawevi; 7 _ wina sawevi;

8 _ sayrdeni magida; 9 _ amwis sawrdeni CarCoebi; 10 _ damWerebi.

montaJis samuSaoebis SesrulebisaTvis universalur kidul amwes ayeneben gazsarin WaurSi (nax. 15.1-a). koSkis rigiTi iarusis montaJis Semdeg asawevi polispastebis saSualebiT gadaaadgileben amwes safexuriT maRla. meqanizmis mdgradobas, misi awevis momentSi, uzrunvelyofs specialuri garsakri, romelic dayenebulia nagebobis konstruqciebis zeda nawilSi. amwis tvirTamweobaa 4.5 t-mde, nagebobis konstruqciebis montaJi mimdinareobs elementobrivad.

gamwov koSkebs amontaJeben mcocavi TviTamweviT, romelsac ayeneben gazsarini Wauris liTonis seqciis zeda nawilSi (nax. 15.1-b). koSkis prizmuli nawilis montaJi xorcieldeba elementobrivad (SeiZleba nawilobrivi gamsxvileba brtyel blokebad amwis tvirTamweobis farglebSi).

mcocavi portaluri sawevelas gamoyenebisas montaJi SeiZleba ganxorcieldes sivrciTi seqciebiT (masiT 40 t-mde). portalur sawevelas ayeneben specialurad momzadebul samontaJo magidebze, romlebic damagrebulia koSkis ukve dayenebul konstruqciebze (nax. 15.1-g).

msxvilblokuri montaJi TviTamwevi portaluri sawevelas gamoyenebiT mniSvnelovnad amcirebs samaRlivo samuSaoebis moculobas.

samSeneblo moednis Seviwroebul pirobebSi koSkebis montaJi SeiZleba ganxorcieldes misadgmeli amweebis saSualebiT (nax. 15.1-d). am SemTxvevaSi amwis mdgradobas uzrunvelyofs specialuri sayrdeni CarCoebi, romlebiTac amwe damagrebulia koSkis dayenebul nawilebze. amwis Wauri iweva koSkis montaJTan erTad polispastebis gamoyenebiT. awevis procesSi amwe srialebs mimmarTvelebze Semdeg poziciamde, sadac mas saimedod amagreben sayrdeni CarCoebiT.

winaswar awyobili blokebiT (seqciebiT) montaJis variantebia:

? TviTmavali muxluxa, pnevmaturTvliani da specialur Sasze mobiluri amweebiT;

? zeda elementebis dayeneba sakmarisi simaRlis koSkura amweebiT;

? misadgmeli 120-150 m simaRlis koSkura amweebiT or etapad: niSnulamde 65 m-iani amwe muSaobs Tavisi fuZidan, Semdeg ki asruleben amwis Wauris wazrdas zeda nawilSi damatebiTi seqciebiT. amwis mdgradobisaTvis mas amagreben koSkis dayenebul nawilTan samontaJo diafragmebiT.

koSkis msxvilblokuri konstruqciebis montaJisaTvis zeda nawilSi xSirad gamoiyeneba vertmfrenebi (nax. 15.1-e), magram maTi farTo gamoyeneba SezRudulia, vinaidan ar gaaCniaT saTanado tvirTamweoba da maTi eqspluatacia Zviri jdeba.

koSkis montaJi saxsris garSemo SemobrunebiT. es meTodi gamoiyeneba 100 m-mde koSkebis montaJisaTvis. koSki mTlianad iwyoba horizontalur mdgomareobaSi miwis zedapirze avtoamwis gamoyenebiT. koSkis qveda iarusis sartyeli magrdeba saZirkvelze mowyobil saxsrebze. vertikalur mdgomareobaSi awevas asruleben SemobrunebiT saxsarze, mWimi polispastebis jalambarebisa da vardnili isris daxmarebiT.

koSkis awyobisas miwaze mas Rebaven da amontaJeben sxvadasxva saxis saWiro mowyobilobebs, kabelebs, mavTulebs.

koSkis montaJisas saxsris garSemo Semobrunebis meTodiT ganixileba ori etapi. pirveli _ aweva Semobrunebis dawyebidan kritikul wertilamde (aramdgradi wonasworobis mdgomareobamde) da meore _ samuxruWe sistemebis CarTva (samuxruWe saWimarebisa da polispastis) da koSkis nel-nela dayeneba sayrdenebze.

arsebobs ganxiluli meTodis ramdenime nairsaxeoba, romlebic damokidebulia samontaJo mowyobilobebze:

? sufTa Semobrunebis meTodi _ koSkis erTi nawili awyobilia sakuTar saZirkvelze, meores awyoben miwaze da satakelaJo mowyobilobebis daxmarebiT Semoabruneben da akavSireben ukve dayenebul nawilTan;

? aweva polispastebis moWimviT (nax. 15.2) _ gamoiyeneba im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac amwis tvirTamweoba da isris wvdoma ar aris sakmarisi koSkis dayenebisaTvis saproeqto mdgomareobaSi.

nax. 15.2. koSkis awevis sqema SemobrunebiT da samontaJo amwis daxmarebiT:

I _ III _ koSkis mdgomareoba awevisas;

1 _ koSki; 2 _ amwe; 3 _ polispasti; 4 _ Wimi; 5 _ jalambari;

6 _ Ruza koSkis quslis damagrebisaTvis.

TviTmavali amwis daxmarebiT konstruqcias, romelic damagrebulia saxsrulad saZirkvelze, aweven Sualedur poziciamde. Semdeg iwyeben muSaobas saWimi polispastebi da koSki dgeba saproeqto poziciaze.

nax. 15.3. koSkis montaJi SemobrunebiT saxsris irgvliv:

a _ vardnili isriT; b _ xerxiT Ruzis gareSe; g _ gamodevnis xerxi;

1 _ eleqtrojalambari; 2 _ saWimi polispasti; 3 _ vardnili isari;

4 _ koSki awevis procesSi; 5 _ samuxruWe polispasti; 6 _ portali;

7 _ mWimebi; 8 _ gamomdevni anZa.

montaJi SemobrunebiT vardnili isris daxmarebiT (nax. 15.3-a) xorcieldeba specialuri dgaris gamoyenebiT. dgari damagrebulia saZirkvelze da exmareba koSkis Semobrunebas saxsris irgvliv. aseTi meTodi iSviaTad gamoiyeneba, vinaidan sWirdeba sakmarisad didi teritoria koSkis gamsxvilebis, isris daSvebis, gverdiTi Wimebis damagrebisa da samuxruWe sistemis mowyobisaTvis.

am meTodis gaumjobesebuli variantia, montaJi SemobrunebiT saxsris irgvliv Ruzis gareSe (nax. 15.3-b). mZlavri Ruzebisa da didi tvirTamweobis jalambarebis amoReba samontaJo samuSaoebidan amartivebs montaJs da amcirebs Sromis danaxarjebs.

koSkuri nagebobebis aweva horizontaluri mdgomareobidan vertikalurSi gamodevnis xerxiT (nax. 15.3-g), xorcieldeba sayrdeni saxsris irgvliv SemobrunebiT, satakelaJo sistemebisa da portalis gamoyenebiT. es xerxi gamoiyeneba, rodesac mSenebloba mimdinareobs SemWidrovebul pirobebSi, sadac ar aris saSualeba mZime meqanizmebis _ amweebis gamoyenebisa da saWiroa saZirkvelze horizontaluri datvirTvebis Semcireba.

ganxiluli variantebis gamoyeneba SesaZlebelia im SemTxvevaSi, Tu koSkebis simaRle meryeobs 90-120 m-mde.

koSkebis montaJi qvedgmis xerxiT. rac ufro maRalia koSkis simaRle (300-400 m), miT ufro Znelia misi montaJi, iqmneba problemebi samontaJo meqanizmebTan, izrdeba Sromis danaxarjebi konstruqciebis transportirebaze, miwis zedapiridan dayenebis niSnulebamde da memontaJeebis moZraobaze samuSao adgilebamde, izrdeba meteorologiuri faqtorebis gavlena samuSaoebis msvlelobaze.

koSkis montaJi qvedgmis meTodiT moicavs Semdeg etapebs:

? ayeneben koSkis qveda nawils isrovani amwis saSualebiT;

? koSkis qveda nawilze amontaJeben koSkis zeda iarusebs, romlebic safexurebad iweva polispastebis saSualebiT zeviT;

? zeda iarusis awevis Semdeg qvedgmiT aweuli konstruqciebis qveS ayeneben qveda iarusis bloks da xistad aerTeben aweul zeda iarusTan. Semdeg xdeba maTi aweva da procesi meordeba.

ase etapobrivad iqneba dayenebuli mTeli koSki. qvedgmis meTodi farTod aris gavrcelebuli mSeneblobaSi, vinaidan uzrunvelyofs Sromis nayofierebis zrdas da samontaJo samuSaoebis xangrZlivobis Semcirebas. efeqturia am meTodis gamoyeneba SemWidroebuli samSeneblo moednis pirobebSi.

qvedgmis meTodis gamoyenebisas koSki iyofa or _ zeda da qveda blokebad. qveda bloki amohyavT zedgmis (wazrdis) meTodiT koSkura an TviTmavali amweebis gamoyenebiT. qveda blokis simaRle damokidebulia samontaJo meqanizmebis SesaZleblobebze. qveda bloks iarusebad awvdian damontaJebuli zeda iarusis qveS (qvedgmiT) da aerTeben zeda iarusis elementebTan. ase Tanmimdevruli qvedgmiT da iarusebis aweviT xdeba koSkis montaJi.

samontaJo samuSaoebis Tanmimdevroba, rodesac koSkis montaJi mimdinareobs qvedgmis meTodiT, warmodgenilia nax. 15.4-ze.

nax. 15.4. koSkis agebis Tanmimdevrobis saerTo sqema qvezrdis meTodiT sivrciTi blokebisagan:

a _ gegma; b _ montaJi amwiT; g _ blokis pirveli aweva; d _ gamsxvilebuli aweva; e _ gamsxvilebuli blokebis aweva saWimi polispastebiT; v _ awyobis da blokebis awevis Tanmimdevroba (naCvenebia cifrebiT 1-12);

1 _ eleqtrojalambari; 2 _ polispastis bagiri; 3 _ sarelso gza gamsxvilebuli blokis miwodebisaTvis; 4 _ blokebis awyobis stendi;

5 _ sawyobis moedani; 6 _ amwe; 7 _ koSkis qveda sayrdeni nawili;

8 _ koSkis zeda nawili qolgiT; 9 _ polispastebis Sewyvilebuli blokirebis kvanZi; 10 _ eleqtrojalambari stendis

gadaadgilebisaTvis; 11 _ saWimi polispasti.

nagebobis qveda piramidismagvari nawilis montaJis Semdeg liandagebze, koSkTan uSualo siaxloveSi, amontaJeben stends, sadac SemdgomSi aiwyoba koSkis zeda prizmuli nawili. awyobili blokebi polispastisa da eleqtrojalambaris saSualebiT (nax.15.5) miewodeba koSkis qveda nawilSi. Semdeg domkratis saSualebiT blokebs sweven koSkis adre dayenebuli konstruqciebis qveda nawilebTan SeTavsebamde. Semowmebisa da samontaJo pirapirebis SeduRebis Semdeg koSkis prizmul nawils mimmarTvelebis daxmarebiT aweven zeviT qveda blokis simaRleze (blokis simaRle 10-12 m). Semdegi operaciebi xorcieldeba analogiuri TanmimdevrobiT koSkis mTlianad agebamde.

nax. 15.5. koSkis blokebis awyobisa da awevis Tanmimdevroba qvedgmis gamoyenebiT:

a _ gegma; b _ pirveladi etapi; g - pirveli aweva; d - Sualeduri mdebareoba; e - saproeqto mdgomareoba.

1 _ sarelso gza; 2 _ eleqtrojalambrebi; 3 _ gamawonasworebeli rgoli;

4 _ koSkis Wauri; 5 _ prizmuli nawili; 6 - koSkis piramidismagvari nawili; 7 - stendi; 8 - sayrdeni magida; 9 - saWimi polispastebi;

10 - gamsxvilebuli bloki.

sxvadasxva formebis koSkebis qvedgmis konstruqciuli sqemebi warmodgenilia 15.6 da 15.7 naxazebze.

nax. 15.6. koSkebis montaJi qvedgmiT:

a _ mravalwaxnagiani koSkis tipuri blokis montaJi; b _ gardatexis kveTiani asawevi nawilis montaJis Tanmimdevroba;

1 _ stendi-konduqtori; 2 _ saWimi polispasti; 3 _ sayrdeni magida;

4 _ stabilizaciis sistema; 5 _ mosaxsneli yalibi _ forma.

nax. 15.7. koSkis zeda nawilebis awevis sqemebi qvedgmiT:

a _ asawevi nawilis dadgmiT sayrden mowyobilobebze; b _ sartyelebis mobrunebiT; g _ vertikaluri sataciT;

1 _ asawev-saWimi sistemebis stendi; 2 _ sayrdeni koWi; 3 _ sayrdeni magida;

4 _ misaWeri; 5 _ saxsari; 6 _ jvaredina; 7 _ vertikaluri sataci;

8 _ miltuCa SeerTeba.

ganxilul xerxs aqvs principuli gansxvaveba da upiratesobebi:

? konstruqciebis awyobis yvelaze rTuli da Sromatevadi procesebi SeiZleba Sesruldes qveda niSnulebze;

? samuSao adgilebi SesaZlebelia kargad moewyos da dacul iqnas uamindobisagan;

? naklebad aris damokidebuli meteorologiur pirobebTan, vinaidan samuSaoebi sruldeba dabal niSnulebze;

? maRalia muSaobis usafrTxoebis xarisxi;

? xarisxiania operaciuli kontroli.

qvedgmis meTodis gamoyenebisaTvis nagebobis optimaluri formaa koSkis qveda nawilis uZravi piramidismagvari konstruqcia. igi asrulebs mimmarTvelis rols Wauris prizmuli konstruqciis awevisas.

kombinirebuli meTodi gamoiyeneba maSin, rodesac koSkis calkeuli nawilis montaJisaTvis gamoiyeneba sxvadasxva meTodi.

Sereuli mzidi karkasisgan (rkinabetonisa da foladis) awyobili maRlivi _ 400 m-mde simaRlis teleanZebis montaJi xorcieldeba kombinirebuli meTodiT. aseTi koSkebis qveda nawilis (rkinabetonisagan) agebisaTvis gamoiyeneba misadgmeli an koSkura amweebi. koSkis zeda nawilis montaJisaTvis (liftis Saxti, saanteno komunikaciebi, mowyobilobebi) gamoiyeneba TviTamwevi an erT-erTi varianti montaJis qvedgmis meTodis gamoyenebiT.

Date: 2016-06-13; view: 6