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NOMINATIVE PLURAL OF NOUNS AND ADJECTIVES
In this lesson you will:
· Learn how to form the plural forms of nouns in the anatomical terminology.
· Learn how to form the plural forms of adjectives in the anatomical terminology.
· Learn abbreviations used in the anatomical terminology.
This lesson is divided into the following sections:
I. Nouns and adjectives endings in Nominative plural.
II. Formation of Nominative plural forms.
III. Abbreviations used in the anatomical terminology.
IV. Exercises.
V. Vocabulary
I. Nouns and adjectives endings in Nominative plural
The Latin nounshave Nominative plural endings as follows:
| Declension | ||||||||
| Gender | f | m | n | m, f | n | m | n | f |
| Endings | -ae | -i | -a | -es | -a(-ĭa) | -us | -ŭa | -es |
Attention!!! Remember one neuter noun of the 3rd declension which has the Nominative plural ending -ia: rete retia (network networks). Other neuter nouns of the 3rd declension, which have the Nominative plural ending ia, are not used in the anatomical terminology.
The Latin adjectiveshave Nominative plural endings as follows:
| Adjectives of the 1st group + adjectives in the superlative degree | Adjectives of the 2nd group | Adjectives in the comparative degree | ||||
| m | f | n | m, f | n | m, f | n |
| -i | -ae | -a | -es | -ĭa | -es | -a |
Attention!!! - All neuter nouns irrespective of their declension as well as all adjectives in the neuter formin Nominative plural end in ΰ(adjectives of the 2nd group in -ĭa).
II. Formation of Nominative plural forms
In order to form the Nominative plural forms you should:
1) determine:
· declension and gender of a noun or
· group and gender of an adjective;
2) find the stem and form the plural form by adding to the stem the appropriate Nominative plural ending of this declension and gender.
E.g.:
| Declension, gender, group and degree of comparison | Stem | Nominative plural | |
| Nouns | |||
| vena, ae f | 1 declension, feminine | ven - | ven - ae |
| nervus, i m | 2 declension, masculine | nerv - | nerv - i |
| spatium, i n | 2 declension, neuter | spati - | spati - a |
| sinus, us m | 4 declension, masculine | sin - | sin - us |
| cornu, us n | 4 declension, neuter | corn - | corn - ŭa |
| facies, ēi f | 5 declension, feminine | faci - | faci - es |
| Adjectives | |||
| cavernōsus | I group, masculine | cavernōs - | cavernōs - i |
| cavernōsa | 1 group, feminine | cavernōs - | cavernōs - ae |
| cavernōsum | 1 group, neuter | cavernōs - | cavernōs - a |
| frontālis | 2 group, masculine or feminine | frontāl - | frontāl - es |
| frontāle | 2 group, neuter | frontāl - | frontāl - ia |
| minor | Comparative degree, masculine or feminine | minor - | minōr - es |
| minus | Comparative degree, neuter | minor - | minōr - a |
Attention!!! -In order to form the Nominative plural form of the nouns of the 3rd declension you should:
1. form the Genitive singular form;
2. determine the stem (obtained from the Genitive form without its ending is);
3. add the appropriate Nominative plural gender ending.
E.g.:
| Dens | → dent-is | → dent- | + -es | → dentes |
| Forāmen | → foramĭn-is | → foramĭn- | + -a | → foramĭna |
III. Abbreviations used in the anatomical terminology
| Singular form | Plural form |
| A. arteria | Aa. - arteriae |
| B. bursa | Bb. - bursae |
| Gl. - glandŭla | Gll. - glandŭlae |
| For. - forāmen | Forr. - foramĭna |
| Lig. - ligamentum | Ligg. - ligamenta |
| M. - muscŭlus | Mm. - muscŭli |
| N. - nervus | Nn. - nervi |
| R. - ramus | Rr. - rami |
| Vag. - vagīna | Vagg. - vagīnae |
| V. - vena | Vv. venae |
IV. Exercises
1. Determine the dictionary form of each word:
alveŏli dentāles (dental alveoli), spatia interglobularia (interglobular spaces), valvŭlae venōsae (venous valvulae), nomĭna anatomĭca (anatomical names), juga alveolaria (alveolar eminences), venae intercostāles anteriōres (anterior intercostal venae), labia oris (lips of mouth), canalicŭli dentāles (dental small canales), facies articulāres (articular surfaces), ductus sublinguāles minōres (minor sublingual ducts), vasa sinusoiděa liēnis (sinusoid vessels of spleen), crura ossea (bony crura), arteriae ciliāres posteriōres longae (long posterior ciliary arteries).
2. Translate into Latin. Make up Nominative plural forms:
carotic (tuber, sulcus, canal), lymphatic (vessel, node, valve), incisive (canal, opening, fossa), articular (cavity, process, cartilage), nasal (concha, bone, opening), anterior (margin, surface, septum), palatine (tonsil, process), jugular (tubercle, incisure (slit), process), wing-shaped (canal, process, fossa), ethmoidal (crest, bone, foramen), occipital (region, lobe, opening), mammiform (process, incisure, opening), lower (wall, fissure, arch), transverse (process, lobe, ligament, artery), posterior (horn, nucleus, surface).
3. Determine the case, number and part of speech of each word in the terms:
| 1) venae rectāles inferiōres | 9) ductus sublinguāles minōres |
| 2) incisūrae cartilagĭnis | 10) partes orbitāles ossis frontālis |
| 3) meātus acustĭci | 11) vasa sanguinea retīnae |
| 4) rami cardiăci cervicāles inferiōres | 12) nomĭna anatomĭca |
| 5) regiōnes membri inferiōris | 13) plexus venōsi vertebāles interni |
| 6) sutūrae cranii | 14) arteriae ciliāres posteriōres |
| 7) radīces spināles | 15) spatium intercostāle |
| 8) canāles palatīni minōres |
4. Make up Nominative plural of following nouns:
| ala, ae f | margo, ĭnis m | paries, ētis m |
| arteria, ae f | forāmen, ĭnis n | fundus, i m |
| digĭtus, i m | os, ossis n | arcus, us m |
| septum, i n | ductus, us m | |
| alveŏlus, i m | cornu, us n | |
| ligamentum, i n | sinus, us m | |
| facies, ēi f |
5. Form Nominative plural of the following terms:
1) processus ciliāris
2) arteria gastrĭca brevis
3) nodus lymphatĭcus lumbālis
4) glandŭla linguālis
5) ganglion thoracĭcum
6) vena nasālis externa
V. VOCABULARY
| 1. alveolāris, e | alveolar |
| 2. alveŏlus, i m | alveole |
| 3. anatomĭcus, a, um | anatomical |
| 4. dentālis, e | dental |
| 5. dorsālis, e | dorsal |
| 6. foveŏla, ae f | foveola |
| 7. gastrĭcus, a, um | gastric |
| 8. intercostālis, e | intercostal |
| 9. interglobulāris, e | interglobular |
| 10. interlobulāris, e | interlobular |
| 11. interspinōsus, a, um | interspinal |
| 12. jugum, i n | eminence |
| 13. nomen, ĭnis n | name |
| 14. pectorālis, e | pectoral |
| 15. retīna, ae f | retina |
| 16. serrātus, a, um | serrate |
| 17. sinusoiděus, a, um | sinusoid |
| 18. spatĭum, i n | space |
| 19. spinālis, e | spinal |
| 20. sublinguālis, e | sublingual |
| 21. synoviālis, e | synovial |
| 22. carotĭcus, a, um | carotic |
| 23. vas, vasis n | vessel |
| 24. cartilāgo, ĭnis f | cartilage |
| 25. rectālis, e | rectal |
| 26. crus, cruris n | crus |
| 27. lien, ēnis m | spleen |
| 28. cardiăcus, a, um | cardiac |
Lesson 10
Date: 2016-03-03; view: 1809
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