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To move on from petty to serious crimeCrime and punishment Types of crime, criminals and crime verbs 1. crime→ criminal to offend→ offence→ offender culprit= someone who is responsible for doing smth illegal: The police have so far failed to find the culprits. 2. to offend = formal to commit a crime or crimes: Many of the young men here are likely to offend again. 3. offender = someone who is guilty of a crime: At 16, Scott was already a persistent offender (=someone who has been caught several times for committing crimes). 4. robbery / robber / to rob a bank/a person/a tourist col to hold smb at gun-point 5. theft / thief plural thieves / to steal somebody’s wallet/purse BrE/mobile phone/cell phone AmE/ car 6. burglary / burglar / to break into/burgle a house/a home/an apartment col/PHR 7. mugging / mugger / to mug = the crime of attacking somebody violently, or threatening to do so, in order to steal their money, especially in a public place 8. shoplifting / shoplifter / to shoplift 9. smuggling / smuggler / to smuggle 10. kidnapping / kidnapper / to kidnap = to take somebody away illegally and keep them as a prisoner, especially in order to get money or something else for returning them 11. fraud / fraudster / - 12. bribery / - / to bribe = the giving or taking of bribes = a sum of money or something valuable that you give or offer to somebody to persuade them to help you, especially by doing something dishonest 13. murder / murderer / to murder 14. homicide = AmE the crime of murder 15. arson / arsonist / - 16. vandalism / vandal / to vandalize / (to commit) an act of mindless vandalism To smash windows To spray graffiti To deface public property To vandalise the (school) property 17. looting / looter / to loot 18. terrorism / terrorist / (to commit) an act of terrorism 19. a political prisoner col/term = someone who is sent to prison by their own government because it does not approve of their beliefs or actions 20. a common prisoner col = ordinary, with no special status or rank; negative term 21. a hardened criminal col/wf = showing no regret for their crimes 22. a persistent offender col/wf from ‘to persist’ | ‘to offend’ = = a person who continues to commit crimes after they have been caught and punishe 23. a convicted criminal col 24. a former/ex-convict term 25. juvenile delinquency TERM/WFjuvenile delinquent → juvenile delinquency 26. young offender col/wf = a criminal who, according to the law, is not yet an adult but no longer a child: a young offender institution 27. antisocial behavior wf social → antisocial = harmful or annoying to other people, or to society in general 28. to be in trouble with the law 29. to blame smb’s background 30. to be caught red-handed = to be caught doing smth wrong 31. underage drinking col/wf ager → underage 32. to breed crime COL 33. Breaking the law 34. to break the law col = to fail to obey a rule or law 35. to bend the rules idiom = to change the rules to suit a particular person or situation 36. to commit a crime/an offence col offence = an illegal act 37. petty/serious crime to move on from petty to serious crime 38. street crime 39. vehicle crime / vehicle theft = the crime of stealing something from a person or place 40. to be involved in repeated crime 41. (to have) a criminal record term = an official list of crimes that someone has committed: We have to check whether applicants have a criminal record. Protesting against 42. to take to the streets IDIOM 43. to take/resort to industrial action TERM (when workers act in a way that is intended to force an employer to agree to something, especially by stopping work) to resort to sth PHR= to make use of something, especially something bad, as a means of achieving something, often because there is no other possible solution 44. to protest against/about e.g. (rigid) class distinctions TERM (differences between social groups in terms of their access to power and opportunity in the society) 45. to protest against/about e.g.police harassment TERM (annoying or unpleasant behavior towards someone) 46. to demonstrate against smth / in support of smth e.g. students demonstrating against the war 47. to encounter resistance to sth COL/PREP/WF 48. (the public) to be a force to be reckoned with idiom to be reckoned with = a thing or person that is not to be ignored or underestimated (ñèëà, ñ êîòîðîé ïðèõîäèòñÿ ñ÷èòàòüñÿ) 49. to boil over into sth phr SYN to explode = is a situation or feelings boil over, people cannot control their anger and start to fight or argue: Racial tension finally boiled over in the inner city riots. 50. inner-city unrest TERM (a political situation in which people protest or behave violently / an area near the centre of a large city where a lot of poverty and other social problems exist) 51. riot = a violent protest by a crowd of people a riot erupts/breaks out col 52. public disorder = violent behaviour of large groups of people an outbreak of rioting and public disorder 53. to incite crime/racial hatred/violence col = to encourage somebody to do something violent, illegal or unpleasant, especially by making them angry or excited: They were accused of inciting the crowd to violence. The legal process / Sentencing and punishment 54. to witness a crime col 55. to report sth (a crime) to the police COL/PREP = to tell the police or someone in authority that an accident or crime has happened 56. to carry out an investigation into smth col/prep = to conduct an investigation 57. to collect/gather evidence col 58. to question a suspect/witness col 59. to solve the case col 60. to arrest sb FOR a crime PREP 61. to charge sb WITH a crime COL/PREP = when the police charge sb with a crime, they formally accuse them of committing that crime: Three men were charged with shoplifting. 62. to take sb TO court COL/PREP = take legal action against sb: My landlord is taking me to court for not paying my rent. 63. to give evidence COL= tell a court of law what you know about a crime: Three witnesses of the mugging gave evidence in court today. 64. 65. to appear in court col/prep = to be present in court in order to give evidence or answer a charge 66. to stand/go on trial for smth col/prep = 67. to reach a verdict col 68. to receive a fair trial col 69. to suffer the consequences col 70. to be severely punished col 71. to deserve harsh punishment col 72. to deal with smb firmly PHR/col (e.g. with offenders) 73. to find sb (not) guilty col = responsible for committing a crime: The jury had to decide if he was innocent or guilty. 74. to convict smb OF smth = to decide and state officially in court that somebody is guilty of a crime: They were acquitted of all charges. 75. OPP to acquit smb OF smth = to decide and state officially in court that somebody is not guilty of a crime 76. conviction FOR smth wf/prep = the act of finding somebody guilty of a crime in court; the fact of having been found guilty: She has six previous convictions for theft. 77. to fine sb (£500) = make sb pay money as punishment for a crime they have committed: He was fined £1,000. 78. to pay/face a heavy (=one that costs a lot of money) fine col = a sum of money that must be paid as punishment for breaking a law or rule 79. to send sb TO prison (FOR 10 years) COL/PREP 80. to sentence sb TO (10 years) in prison COL/PREP = when a judge decides what a person’s punishment should be after they have been convicted of a crime: The two men were sentenced to six months in prison. 81. to condemn smb to smth e.g. death/public whipping 82. to serve a sentence of 15 years in prison col 83. to face the death penalty col = the punishment of being killed that is used in some countries for very serious crimes Controlling crime 84. crime rate col/term = a number of crimes committed in a particular area to rise/to come down 85. to control the crime rate TERM/COL 86. crime figures col have dropped dramatically/have risen 87. crime wave col/term = a situation in which there is a sudden increase in the number of crimes that are committed 88. (to have) a spate of burglaries/killings/thefts = a large number of things, which are usually unpleasant, that happen suddenly within a short period of time 89. to combat/fight/reduce/tackle crime COL=to stop sth unpleasant/harmful from happening 90. fight against smth (e.g. crime) prep fight FOR smth e.g. survival 91. to take tough measures against crime / to do smth col The government is introducing tougher measures to combat crime. 92. to crack down on crime = to start dealing with smb much more strickly 93. to introduce new/harsher/stricter laws col 94. to give more power to the courts 95. to pass a law col = to accept a law by voting 96. to uphold the law col = to support smth that you think is right and make sure that it continues to exist 97. to enforce the law col = to make sure that a law or rule is obeyed by the people 98. effective law enforcement → to enforce the law COL = to make sure that people obey a particular law or rule 99. to take (draconian) measures col = extremely cruel and severe 100. to focus on juvenile crime prep 101. to put police officers on the streets speaking 102. to act as a deterrent col/prep = a thing that makes somebody less likely to do something (= that deters them) 103. to get somewhere (e.g. to school) safely / safe → safely → safety WF Individuals can help by … 104. to be vigilant (about crime) = to be careful to notice any signs of danger or trouble 105. to introduce neighbourhood watch schemes term = an arrangement by which a group of people in an area watch each other's houses regularly as a way of preventing crime 106. to spot smb doing smth e.g. The police spotted him driving a stolen car. Law and order 107. law forbids/prohibits col = to state that smth is not allowed, according to a rule, law 108. rule permits/allows col = 109. rules/regulations apply to smb/smth col/prep = to affect or be relevant to a particular person or thing 110. regulations require/stipulate col = to say what is allowed or what is necessary 111. law and order term = safe and peaceful conditions in society that result when people obey the law the breakdown of law and order 112. to respect the law col 113. to obey/observe the law col = to do what a law say that you must do 114. to follow directions/instructions/orders/rules col 115. to act within the law prep 116. to comply with the order/regulation/requirement/rule col Economic dimension of well-being/ill-being Employment/unemployment 117. to close down phr =if a company, shop/store, etc. closes down, or if you close it down, it stops operating as a business 118. to be out of work col/prep 119. lack of sth e.g. employment/money/shelter etc prep 120. your bread-and-butter idiom = smth that provides your main income Income 121. a means/source of independent livelihood col =something such as your work that provides the money that you need to live 122. to earn/to lose livelihood term/col 123. unemployed/low-income household term = all the people living together in a house or flat/apartment 124. the head of the household col 125. (people) on a low/high income low-income family 126. (to have) a steady source of income COL/TERM 127. (to live on) inadequate income WF/SP 128. a tight budget: holidays for people on a tight budget money is tight/things are tight = to have only just enough 129. to live on (or below) the breadline = the lowest level of income on which it is possible to live 130. to live from hand to mouth idiom = to spend all the money you earn on basic needs such as food without being able to save any money 131. to live below the poverty line term = the official level of income that is necessary to be able to buy the basic things you need such as food and clothes and to pay for somewhere to live 132. to live/die in penury fml = the state of being extremely poor 133. to be in a poverty trap TERM (a situation in which someone would be even poorer or not much richer if they had a job because they would no longer receive financial help from the government) 134. to inherit sth (way of life) from sb | an inherited way of life Date: 2016-01-03; view: 1507
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