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Economic consequences of inadequate income
135. the haves noun = people who have enough money and possessions
136. the have-nots noun = people who do not have money and possessions: the division between the haves and the have-nots
137. impoverished people/families/areas/countries wf from poor – poverty – impoverished
138. destitute people / the destitute = without money, food, and the other things necessary for life
139. street children term
140. (to live) (out) on the streets / street idiom =without a home; outside, not in a house or other building
141. Absolute poverty [ an absolute minimum standard] /Relative poverty [ means you are poor in relation to those who around you] / Income poverty [ less than a dollar a day] / Human poverty [ takes into account other factors, such as life expectancy, infant malnutrition, illiteracy and lack of food or clean water] /Inner-city poverty COL/ TERM
142. to claim benefits = financial support from the state: Families who claim benefits often feel ashamed.
Social consequences of inadequate income
143. the widening/wide/deep gulf between sb and sb col/prep
144. to bridge the gap/gulf/divide between sb and sb idiom
145. a dividing line between smth and smth col/prep
146. class disparities between the rich and the poor COL/PREP
147. to be strikingly evident col
148. criminal activity COL
149. educational failure COL/WFto fail → failure | to educate → education →educational
150. unstable relationship COL
151. addiction to drugs/alcohol PREP
152. to be/get addicted to sth PREP
153. to be/feel powerless over your life PREP
154. a feeling/sense of powerlessness WF/COL
155. to be voiceless WF= unable to get your opinions or concerns noticed by people in power
156. fear for the future PREP
157. OPPfreedom of a choice/action col
158. OPPpeace of mind COL = a feeling of being calm, happy, and not worried
159. to suffer from / to reduce / tackle social isolation/exclusion TERM =the state of being alone or lonely: Many unemployed people experience feelings of isolation and depression.
160. (to live) on the margins of sth e.g. society idiom
161. to feel lonely adjective – loneliness noun WF/SP
162. to (not) belong to a community PREP / to feel a sense of belonging COL
163. to reintegrate sb into society sp/wf/prep
164. to manage your life with success
Social Mobility
165. to move up (e.g. the social ladder) PHR
166. to reach the top COL
167. to prosper → prosperous → prosperity wf/spelling
168. to get ahead phr
169. to lag behind phr
170. to reach your full potential COL
171. to face barriers COL
172. insurmountable barrier COL/WF
173. to grow / broaden about the gap between sth and sth COL
174. to pose/present a threat to sth col/prep
Solutions
175. to combat poverty COL
176. to eradicate poverty COL
177. to alleviate poverty COL
178. to escape poverty COL
179. to lift smb out of poverty prep
180. (to introduce) a minimum wage TERM(the smallest amount of money that an employer is legally allowed to pay a worker)
181. to curb low wages
182. social welfare term =practical or financial help that is provided, often by the government, for people or animals that need it: The state is still the main provider of welfare.
183. social security BrE term= money that the government pays regularly to people who are poor, unemployed, sick, etc: to live on social security
184. (to receive) job seeker’s allowance TERM(money that the government pays to unemployed people who are looking for a job)
185. taxpayer term
186. to pay a tax col
to introduce/levy a tax col
a progressive tax term = a tax system in which people who earn a lot of money pay a larger percentage of their income in tax than people who earn less
187. to fund sb through taxes
188. to place a burden on sb COL/PREP → to carry/ease/reduce/share the burden
189. to send sb back to school COL
190. to set up retraining courses/senior citizens groups/centres TERM/PHR
191. (to offer) tax incentive for/to sb to do sth TERM/PREP
192. to be hit by recession | to be in recession
193. to cut the number of sth/sb prep to cut jobs
194. to decline [ about wages]
195. to postpone retirement term/wf from ‘retire’
196. to face unprecedented competition wf/col
197. stagnant → to stagnate → stagnation wf
198. to stabilize the economy col/wf stable → stabilize
199. to stimulate the economy/economic growth col/wf grow → growth
200. public spending col/term = the money that the government pays for projects relating to education, health care, defence etc
201. poor investment in sth col/prep>low-quality public services
202. to pour money into sth phr The government has poured millions into the education system.
203. to improve/provide (strong/dependable) public services = a service such as transport or health care that a government or an official organization provides for people in general in a particular society
204. to provide basic education/healthcare
205. (to provide) adequate food/safe water
206. sanitation term = systems for taking dirty water and waste from homes to ensure good hygiene: A lack of clean water and sanitation were the main problems.
Housing
207. shanty town term = an area in or near a town where poor people live in small houses, built of pieces of wood, metal and cardboard
208. cardboard box cities term (an area in a large town or city where people who have no home sleep outside using cardboard boxes to try to keep warm)
Date: 2016-01-03; view: 1104
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