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February Revolution of 1917The February Revolution of 1917 (second revolution in Russia) was a democratic revolution, resulted n the collapse of the Tsarist regime and establishment of a democratic, republican government. The aims of the February Revolution were improving work conditions for workers and reducing their working day to 8 hours, providing peasants with land, giving freedom to oppressed nationalities. 1Dual authority was created: the Provisional Government led by Kerensky (composed of the Constitutional Democratic party, Socialist Revolutionary party, Octobrist party, and Social Democratic Party) and the Soviets of Workers’, Soldiers’ and Peasants’ Deputies (established by Bolsheviks). As for Kyrgyzstan, the February Revolution first succeeded in the south of Kyrgyzstan - Kyzyk Kiya and Sulyukta among the workers of mining industry, then in the north – Tokmok, Naryn, Przhevalsk. After the revolution, not two but three authorities were established in Kyrgyzstan and Central Asia: the Provisional Government, the Soviets of Workers’, Soldiers’ and Peasants’ Deputies and local nationalist committees. Local committees were organized by the new political parties:
The February Revolution did not meet all its goals: the land issue, the war issue, and some others. Bolshevik Revolution and Civil War On October 25, 1917, as a result of an armed insurrection, the Provisional Government was overthrown and power was transferred to the Soviets led by the Bolsheviks. The first government of workers and peasants were created – the Council of People’s Commissars led by Lenin. The dominant party was the Bolshevik Party (Communist Party); all other parties were banned as soon as the Bolsheviks consolidated its power. Two documents were issued by the new authority: the Decree on Peace (put an end to the participation of Russia in the WWI) and the Decree on Land (private property was abolished and land was redistributed among peasantry). The establishment of the Soviet rule took place in 1918. First the Soviet rule was established in the south of Kyrgyzstan (Fergana, Djalal-Abad, Osh), then in the north (Talas, Pishpek, Tokmok, Przhevalsk, Naryn, Isyyk-Kul). The establishment of the Soviet rule in Kyrgyzstan had some particularities: the small number of the working class, a weak influence of the Bolsheviks, hostile relations between Kyrgyzs and Russians.
As soon as the Bolsheviks assumed the power in Central Asia, Civil War (1918-1922) broke out. It was the war between the Bolshevik Red Army (in alliance with other leftist pro-revolutionary groups) and White Army represented by anti-Bolshvik forces. The Civil War was accompanied by the foreign intervention of Britain, France, USA and Japan. In Kyrgyzstan the Civil War took forms of kulak rebellions in the north of Kyrgyzstan and Basmachi movement in the south of Kyrgyzstan. Kulaks were rich peasants who did not welcome the Bolshevik rule because they expropriated land from them, so they and rebelled against Bolshviks. Such rebellions took place in Talas, Belovodsk, Naryn, Przhevalsk. Finally all rebellions were suppressed by Red Army. As for the south of Kyrgyzstan, Basmachi movement emerged there that spread in the Fergana valley. It started as a narrow bandit movement that later developed into a genuine national liberation movement of Central Asians. The moving force was Muslim clergy, intellectuals, peasants. The main causes of Basmachi movements were the anti-religious policy of Bolsheviks, the economic policy when peasants were expropriated their land and cattle, the lack of statehood. The ideology was pan-Turkism and pan-Islamism. Basmachi movement lasted till late 1930s, although the main forces were suppressed in 1920s. In order to fight them, the Bolsheviks created the Turkestan front led by Frunze.
National policy The main issue on agenda was the national issue. Unlike their political opponents, who spoke of ‘one and indivisible Russia’, the Bolsheviks came out in favor of the policy of self-determination of nations and supported national movements among non-Russian peoples. As soon as they achieved power, they issued the Declaration to all Muslim Workers of Russia and the Orient that outlawed all national and national-religious privileges and restrictions and announced free and equal development of national minorities and ethnic groups, populating Russia. Within the first Soviet government a special body – National Commissariat on Nationalities – was set up. Stalin was put in charge of it. At the same time, the policy of self-determination was a tool to forge an alliance among the forces working against Tsarism. As soon as the world proletariat came to power and united under the leadership of the Communist party, nationalism and nationalities would disappear, giving place to the new order, which would be rather based on class than nationality.
The Bolsheviks in Moscow soon realized its mistake and meeting the need of Turkestani people in its own statehood in 1918 created the Turkestan Autonomous Republic within the Russian Federation. The Kyrgyzs were distributed among different oblasts of Turkestan: Syrdarya, Semirechye, Fergana. In those oblasts they also were minorities, therefore, their development and rights were not given enough consideration. The Kyrgyz intellectuals in the face of Abdyrakhmanov, Rabaev and Sydykov in 1921 raised the issue of creating Mountainous Kyrgyz Autonomous Oblast. In 1922, the issue was raised again. But both attempts failed. The cause was the intra-Kyrgyz rivalry between the group of Sydykov advocated for the Kyrgyz statehood and the group of Khudaikulov who did not want it.
That time Kyrgyzs again turned to the government in Moscow on the creation of Mountainous Kyrgyz Autonomous Oblast. Special commissions were set up in order to know the composition and number of all Central Asian nationalities. As a result of the 1924 national territorial delimitation of Central Asia, Turkmen SSR, Uzbek SSR, Tadjik Autonomous Oblast, Kara-Kyrgyz Autonomous Oblast, Kara-Kalpak Autonomous Oblast were created. Kazakh Autonomous Republic was created earlier in 1920.
The Kara-Kyrgyz Autonomous Oblast (territory was almost 200 thousand km, population was 828 thousand people (63.5% Kyrgyzs, 17% Russians, 15% Uzbeks, 4% others) included:
In 1925, it was renamed as Kyrgyz Autonomous Oblast. In 1926 oblast was reorganized into Kyrgyz Autonomous Republic. In 1929 the Constitution of Kyrgyz ASSR was adopted. In 1936, it was reorganized into Kyrgyz Soviet Socialist Republic.
Repression against Kyrgyz elites and intellectuals of the 20-40-s Yusup Abdrakhmanov (1904-1938) was born In Karakol uesd. In 1911-1916 he studied in Russian-local school. In 1916 escaped to China. In 1919-1927 – a member of revolutionary activities in Verniy, TASSR. In 1927-33- a chief of Council of People Commissaries in Kyrgyzstan In 1937 Yu. Abdrakhmanov was accused in counterrevolutionary activity and membership in Alash-Ordo organization and Social-Turan Party Abdykerim Sydykov (1889-1938) was born in Chui in Manap family. In 1904-1911 graduated from Verniy gymnasium, Sydykov was a member of “Alash” party and chief organizer of establishing of Kyrgyz Mountainous autonomous Republic. In 1926-1932 was a university of Middle Asia teacher in Tashkent. 1932-1933 vice chief of planning committee of Kyrgyz ASSR. 1933 was shouted as a contrrevolutionist
Date: 2015-01-02; view: 1284
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