The Ching ( Tzin) Dynasty (1644-1911)

The Manchus made their rule acceptable to the Chinese, as a result their rule lasted 267 years. After the conquering of China, there was a century of peace and prosperity- this period was called Pax Sinica ( Peace in China). By the end of Pax Sinica the dynasty had reached the height of its power.

***System of government

In provincial government, the Ching created 18 provinces, a governor, usually Chinese, headed each province, and a governor- general, usually a Manchu, headed every two provinces. Local landlords and administrators were usually left alone if they submitted to the new rule.

*Negative features of Chin dynasty in the 17-18 c.

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Foreign policy

European influence in other countries feared the Chinese emperors and in 1757 all ports except Huanchou were closed for foreign trades- it was the beginning of Chinese isolation. Europeans tried to begin trade and used opium for that.

3.Prerequisites of the Opium wars.

China before 1840 was closed, isolated from the rest of the world, except for the limited foreign trade in the city of Guangzhou (Canton). Foreign trade was strictly controlled by the government. Having reached Canton, the Western merchants could only deal with a group of government appointed merchants.

Reasons of isolation. 1) The Chinese believed that they had nothing to gain by trading with the “ barbarians”;

2) On the economic level, China had developed domestic trade.

3) The most important reason was that China wanted to protect itself from colonization. The British penetration and ultimately the conquest of India shocked the Chinese Emperor. The “ closed door policy” did not apply to Russia. From the 17^th century, China’s relations with Russia were based on equal participation.

4.The First Opium War. (1839-1842)

Pretext of the war. In 1839, the emperor issued 39 articles which imposed extremely severe punishment, including death for smoking and trading opium. Special Commissioner was sent into Guangzhou , he confiscated 11,000 pounds of opium and burned them.

The British started the war. In November 1839 the Royal Navy sank a number of Chinese vessels in Guangzhou . On land, China, with its backward army, was quickly defeated, too.

*The Treaty of Nanjing ( 1842)

Guangzhou, Fuzhou, Xiamen, Linbou and Shanghai.

5. The Second and the Third Opium wars (1856-1860)

(China, Great Britain, France, USA)

**Causes of the wars.

*** The Treaty of Tianjing (1858)

Russian- Chinese contract 1858

American- Chinese contract 1858

Peking Convention ( 1860)

3.Questions for test

The Ming Dynasty in China was

A. Chinese

B. Mongol

C. Manchu

D. Japan

The first Europeans in China were

A. Spanish

B. Portuguese

C. British

D. Dutch

4.Tasks for office hours - System of ruling by the Manchus in China in the 17-18 c.

5.Tasks for IWS - White Rose Rebellion in China

6.Reference

http://historyliterature.homestead.com/files/extended.html

Date: 2015-01-02; view: 992