AIR NAVIGATION. GROUND NAVAIDS

1. Give the definition of air navigation.

(is the means by which pilots reach their destination and find their exact locations at any time)

2. What are the three chief methods of air navigation?

(Dead reckoning, pilotage, and radio navigation)

3. What is pilotage? Why isn’t it used by commercial airlines?

(Pilotage is the simplest and most common method of air navigation. For a commercial pilot this system is not very practical since it cannot be used at high altitudes)

4. What is dead reckoning? What equipment is used in dead reckoning?

(Dead reckoning takes more skill and experience than pilotage. Here the pilot uses an aeronautical chart , a clock, compass. And small computer)

5. What is radio navigation?

( is used by all commercial pilots, as well as by most other pilots. Pilot tunes the radio navigation equipment to recive a signal from a ground )

6. What is an aeronautical chart?

7. What is an airway? How are airways formed?

(Airways are formed by a line connecting one navigational aid to another.is a Control Area in the form of a corridor and is marked by radio navigation aids. Each airway has an identifica­tion code)

8. What is the function of radio beacons?

(Radio beacons are used to help a pilot navigate along airways and to help controllers keep accurate track of his progress in relation to other traffic when no radar is available)

9. Give the examples of aircraft navigational equipment.

( Distance Measuring Equipment , Instrument Landing System, GPS)

10. Give examples of ground navigational equipment.

( non directional beacon(NDB) , VHF Omnidirectional Range(VOR)

11. What is NDB (non-directional beacon)? Its advantages and disadvantages.

(This advantage is that their signals follow the curvature of the earth. Disadvantage is teir signals can be deflected by high ground and coastal refraction.)

12. What is VOR? Name the two main components of VOR. What frequency does it operate?

(It consists of a ground beacon which sends out a signal from wrmch an airborne receiver can determine the aircraft 's bearing ( or radial) from the beacon. The receiver can add 180° to the 'From' indication and instruct the pilot which way to fly ' To' the station. A 'To / From' flag on the instrument face tells the pilot in which mode it is operating)

13. What advantages and disadvantages does VOR have?

(VOR's great advantages are ease of use and freedom from static interference. With two VORs an accurate fix can be obtained from radial inter­sections. VORs can also be used for ATIS broad­casts. Disadvantages are that the VHF signals are line-of-sight and thus can be cut off by mountains and man-made obstructions. For the same reason, a large area of coverage requires numerous expen­sive beacons.)

14. What kind of information does Distance Measuring Equipment give?

(DME gives a pilot range information from a DME facility.)

15. Define slant range.

( is a distance beetven ground beacond and airborne beacon)

16. Define radial.

(Magnetic bearings extending from a VOR/VORTAC/TACAN navigation facility.)

17. What does ILS stand for? What is the function of ILS? What are its components? What categories does this equipment operate? Define Localizer.

(ILS gives pilots a continuous indication of whether the aircraft is left or right of the final approach track and also its position in relation to an ideal glide path to the runway. This information is provided by marker bea­cons, the outer marker at about four miles from touchdown and the middle marker at about 3,500 ft. As the aircraft passes over them they give an audible signal.))

18. What is GPS? What is its purpose? What does it consist?

(The completed system consists of 24 satilates with three on orbit spares)

19. What navigational facility provides VOR azimuth, TACAN azimuth and DME information at one site?

(VORTAc)

20. Describe the procedure of following inbound/outbound.

Date: 2015-12-11; view: 1390