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Traditional grammar analysis of the sentence.Syntagmatic: positional parts of the sentence. Sentence is a string of certain parts fulfilling different syntactical functions SP (subject and predicate) a predicative line.
Transformational (generative) grammar. Noam Chomsky. In-built ability to master any grammatical structures and to generate an endless variety of grammatically correct sentences. Transforms.
Paradigmatic approach: oppositions of sentences syntactic paradigm. Syntactic derivation a process consisting of elementary transformational steps: - morphological arrangement (predicate tense, voice, aspect, mood, number, case; subject number, case) - functional expansion (I teach English Do you teach English? I do teach English I teach only English I must be teaching English) - substitution (I teach English I teach it; I have a car I have one) - deletion (I teach English Teach what? English?) - positional arrangement (I teach English English I teach) - intonational arrangement (I teach English! I teach? English?) Paradigmatical oppositions of sentences: 1. Communicative purpose: question-statement/inducement-statement 2. Existence quality: affirmation-negation 3. Realization: reality-unreality (memory feeds imagination memory would feed imagination) 4. Probability: fact-probability (supposition) (memory feeds imagination memory might feed imagination) 5. Modal identity: fact-chance (memory feeds imagination memory happens to feed imagination) 6. Subjective modality: fact-modal subject relation (memory feeds imagination memory must feed imagination) 7. Subject-action relations: fact-actual specified subject-action relation (attempt, failure) (memory feeds imagination memory failed to feed imagination) 8. Phase: fact-phase of the action (memory feeds imagination - memory began to feed imagination) 9. Subject-object relations: active-passive action (memory feeds imagination imagination is fed by memory) 10. Informative perspective: direct actual division-reverse actual division (memory feeds imagination it is memory that feeds imagination) 11. Intensity: neutral-emotional (memory feeds imagination memory does feed imagination!)
Predicative load the total volume of the strong members of predicative oppositions in the sentence. A primary sentence a minimal predicatively unloaded sentence.
Types of derivational relations: constructional and predicative. Predicative relations: transformation (The bell rang Did the bell ring? The bell must have rung). Constructional relations: kernel sentence clause (clausalization the doctor arrived but it was late) or phrase (phrasalization, nominalization the late doctors arrival). Clausazilation: conjunctive words (The bell rang + the students left: The bell rang and the students left When the bell rang, the students left. Phrasalization: kernel sentence phrase (nominal: the ring of the bell; or semi-predicative: the bell ringing).
Composite sentence: compound and complex. Syntactic characteristics of a composite sentence: 1. Type of connection: subordination/coordination 2. Rank and depth of subordination perspective 3. Structural-semantic necessity: monolithic (obligatory)/segregational (optional) 4. Connectors: syndetic/asyndetic 5. Subordination arrangement: parallel (homogeneous-heterogeneous)/consecutive 6. Position: prepositional/postpositional
Compound sentence contains at least two main clauses based on parataxis (coordination); units of syntactically equal ranks. Coordinating conjunctions (and, but, or, so) and sentence adverbials (thus; however). Complex sentence is a polypredicative construction (with two or more predicative lines) built on the principle of subordination (hypotaxis). Derivational relation constructional (clausalization). Subordinating connectors (subordinators): - pronominal words (take a notional position): I dont know when she comes. Do you remember the book that won the Booker Prize? - pure conjunctions (dont take a notional position): When she comes, Ill tell her about you. He said that he was a doctor.
Classification of subordinate clauses: - functional principle (functions of words, correlative with parts of sentence): subject, object, predicate, attribute etc). - categorical principle (semantics, correlative with parts of speech): substantive-nominal (of primary notional position); qualification-nominal (of secondary nominal position); clause of adverbial position. Substantive-nominal clauses: subject, predicative, object clauses (What I want to say is that I know the answer; What I want to say (theme) is that I know the answer (rheme); I dont know what I want to say). Qualification-nominal clauses: attributive (descriptive and limiting); appositive (I have an impression that you dont trust me). Subject clause (it-sentences): It is essential (theme) that you should be there (rheme). Predicative clause: She looks as if she has done smth odd; The problem would have been how to tell him all. Object clause (sequence of tenses): She says he is here; She said he was here. Attributive clause: who, whom, whose, which, that characterizing smth. Descriptive (additional characteristics): This a book which can be useful. Limiting (restrictive - identification): This is a book which I bought yesterday. It-sentence: It is all I can do. Adverbial clauses: time, place, manner of comparison, cause (reason), condition, concession (even if, although, even though), purpose, parenthesis (if you ask me; as far as I know; you know; if Im not mistaken). Parenthetical clauses: introductory (expressing different modal meanings): As far as I remember, the man was .; deviational (expressing commenting insertions of varied semantic character): They used to be, and this is no longer a secret, very close friends. Cleft-sentences: it (it is he who has done it for us; it is in Rome that we had holidays); what (what we need is love); that (thats how grammar works).
Subordination arrangement: parallel (homogeneous/heterogeneous) and consecutive. Parallel homogeneous: he said that it was his problem and I should live. Parallel heterogeneous: the man whom I saw yesterday told me that I should leave. Consecutive: he says that he knows the man whom I met yesterday.
Semi-composite sentence - a polypredicative construction consisting of more than one predicative line which are expressed in fusion. Composite: predicative line (leading, dominant) + predicative line. Semi-composite: predicative line + semi-predicative line. Fusion semi-predication, hidden predication, potential predication. The syntactic status: structurally simple sentence (one full predicative line); semantically composite (two situations). Intermediary status. The types of the semi-composite sentences: - semi-complex - semi-compound Semi-complex: The bell ringing, the students left the room (When the bell rang, the students left the room). Position-sharing: subject-sharing (He woke up famous He woke up. He was famous), object-sharing (I saw her dancing I saw her. She was dancing), causative relations (I made him do it; She got her watch repaired; She had her bag stolen; I painted the wall white).
Direct linear expansion: - attributive complication (The sun, setting in the ocean, looks terrific. The typed letter was sent in the morning) - adverbial complication (Entering the hall, the students took their places. The bell ringing, the students left the hall. When a student, I used to skip my classes) - nominal complication (I bought a dictionary for you to study. What to do is a problem. The question is where to go next. I appreciate you helping me. Your helping me out makes me happy) Verbals and their complexes: - infinitive: complex object; complex subject; infinitive phrase; for-to-infinitive complex - gerund: gerundial complex - participle: absolute nominative construction Date: 2015-12-11; view: 4147
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