E.g. You must do it. Must he do it? They must not (mustn't) do it.
I have to do it. Does he have to do it? We do not have to do it.
You should do it. Should I do it? They should not do it.
He ought to do it. Ought I to do it? We ought not (oughtn't) to do it.
I need to do it. Do we need to do it? They don't need to do it (needn't do it).
We are to do it. Is she to do it? You are not to do it.
3.2.1a Study the list of meanings expressed with the help of the modal verb "may" and "might". Give your own examples.
1. Obligation
You must pay your rent regularly.
2. Necessity
They must attach their CV.
3. Personal stance
Imustsee my father once a week.
4. Certainty
That must be Tom on the phone.
5. Strong probability
It's dinner time. He mustbe back home.
6. Evident probability
Hemustbe sleeping. There's no light on.
7. Logical conclusion
She mustreally enjoy it. I know her taste.
8. Order
You mustvacate the premises at once.
9. Prohibition
You mustnt smoke in public places.
3.2.1b Study the list of meanings expressed with the help of modal verb "have to". Give your own examples.
1. Force of circumstances
We have to sleep in a tent tonight.
2. Necessity
You have togive the money back.
3. Regulations
You have to report to office early.
4. Plans and schedules
I have to go and see the doctor today.
5. Personal necessity
She has togo on a low-calorie diet.
6. Informal conclusion
There has to besome mystery here.
7. Lack of necessity
I dont have to pay the rent.
8. Lack of obligation
You dont have to give a party.
9. Past certainty
Hehad to be the person I saw on TV.
10. Past necessity
She had to work night shifts.
3.2.1c. Study the list of meanings expressed with the help of modal verb "should". Give your own examples.
1. Instruction
You should always wear protective glasses.
2. Advice
You shouldsleep well after such a stress.
3. Obligation
You should pay the bills yourself.
4. Expectation
He shouldbe back from exams soon.
5. In if-clause
If he should come, tell him I am not in.
6. Responsibility
You shouldcheck the mail twice a day.
7. Offer
Should I help you with the luggage?
8. Complaint
You shouldhave been more polite last time.
9. Criticism
Youshouldhave done a better job.
10. Regret
I shouldnthave used such a strong language.
11. Prohibition
You shouldntenter without knocking first.
Compare: "You needn't have done it" (others could have done it for you) and "You shouldn't have done it" (you have made the matter worse)
3.2.1d. Study the list of meanings expressed with the help of modal verb "ought to". Give your own examples.
1. Giving advice
Your child ought to have more fresh air every day.
2. Obligation
She ought to return the book and apologize.
3. Probability
The plane ought to have landed by now.
4. Complaint
You ought to have come back sooner.
5. Criticism
Jason's wife ought to be more economical.
6. Expectation
The workers ought to finish the job soon.
3.2.1e. Study the list of meanings expressed with the help of "to be to". Give your own examples.
1. Force of expectations
The minister says you are to make a report.
2. Planned arrangement
We are to be at the airport at 7.
3. Expected developments
The plane is to arrive on time.
Compare: The plane is due (to arrive) on time.
3.2.1f. Study the list of meanings expressed with the help of the modal verb "need to". Give your own examples.
1. Individual necessity.
I need to take this medicine once a day.
2. Necessity of situation
We need tohurry up or we'll miss the train.
3. Legal regulation
One needs tobe 18 or over to buy alcohol.
4. Reassurance
You needn'tworry.
5. Permission not to do
They don't need todo the job.
6. Reminding of duty
We all need todo our best.
7. Lack of necessity
Martha doesn't need topay out at once.
3.2.2. Match grammar structures with their meaning.
1. You must catch the 5-oclock train
A. Necessity
B. Personal stance
C. Obligation
2. I must take first place in the competition
A. Necessity
B. Obligation
C. Personal stance
3. Dennis must be sitting in his office now.
A. Evident probability
B. Strong probability
C. Logical conclusion
4. You must go through the metal detector.
A. Order
B. Obligation
C. Necessity
5. Pauline had to wait till her husband came.
A. Necessity
B. Force of circumstances
C. Past certainty
6. Men don't have to wear ties.
A. Personal necessity
B. Lack of necessity
C. Lack of obligation
7. Immigrants have to submit their work permits.
A. Regulations
B. Necessity
C. Plans and schedules
8. This has to be a stranger.
A. Informal conclusion
B. Personal necessity
C. Regulations
9. The train should arrive early in the morning the day after.
A. Plans and schedules
B. Expectation
C. Obligation
10. Marlene should have been more discriminate about her friends.
A. Complaint
B. Regret
C. Criticism
11. You should put two table-spoonfuls of sugar and stir the mix carefully.
A. Advice
B. Instruction
C. Offer
12. Your child ought to be more careful playing with the knife.
A. Giving advice
B. Complaint
C. Criticism
13. The boss ought to come any minute now.
A. Obligation
B. Probability
C. Expectation
14. The students are to submit their papers at the end of the exam without delay.
A. Obligation
B. Force of expectations
C. Planned arrangement
15. You need to show your picture ID at the airport.
A. Legal regulation
B. Necessity of situation
C. Individual necessity
16. All of us need to rise to the occasion and to use our talents and skills.
A. Necessity of situation
B. Reminding of duty
C. Individual necessity
17. The gardener should water the flowers every morning before the sun is too hot.
A. Necessity of situation
B. Instruction
C. Responsibility
3.2.3. Fill in the gaps with the appropriate choice. Explain the difference.
1. You obey the law.
2. Barbara visit her son in the hospital twice a day.
3. The clerk be more polite to senior citizens.
4. The children like this book very much.
5. In case of a fire danger, you immediately turn off all appliances.
6. David have worked very hard. Look, how tired he is.
7. Many people these days live on a dole.
8. You be rude in order to prove your point.
9. When I saw him I thought that he be the right person.
10. With such a big family to support, Albert day and night.
11. Your daughter less high-calorie food.
12. Tanya read better for her exam. The result is poor.
13. My prediction is that the team win.
14. The general agreement is that you make a report yourself.
15. You bring a bottle. There's plenty of wine in the house.
1. A/ must B/ must/have to C/ have to D/ought to
2. A/ must B/ has to C/must/has to D/ought to
3. A/ must B/ ought to C/ has to D/must/has to
4. A/ should B/ must C/ have to D/ ought to
5. A/ must B/ have to C/ ought to D/ should
6. A/ should B/ ought to C/ must D/ should/must
7. A/ have to B/ should C/ are to D/ must
8. A/ must not B/ do not have to C/ oughtn't to D/ shouldn't
9. A/ should B/ ought to C/ must D/ had to
10.A/ had to work B/ must have worked C/should have worked D/worked
11. A/ should B/ should/ought to C/ ought to D/ must
12. A/ must have B/ ought to have C/ should D/ should have
13. A/ must B/must/should C/must/ought to D/ ought to
14. A/ are to B/must C/ have to D/ ought to
15. A/ should not B/ don't have to C/ oughtn't to D/ needn't
3.2.4. Fill the gaps in the text below with modal verbs expressing ability and necessity. Use other words where given changing the form if necessary.
Stress is a condition that be both good and bad for your health. If one cope with stress, then it will stimulate one for success. If you are to rise to the occasion, then stress will ruin you and the job you are doing. Stress will leave you drained and depressed unless you know how manage it. It is believed that physical exercises help us cope with stress better. This is because exercises will stimulate the production of useful chemicals in the brain and will the body to fight stress. In other words, one
to "work out" the worries and "sweat out" the stress if one has to continue successfully. Even a ten-minute walk go a long way to upping your energy level. Office workers do physical exercises every two-three hours in order to feel less jittery and to treat their clients with patience. Those who feel depressed take an exercise session and the post-exercise euphoria improve the mood. If one knows that a crucial moment is to follow, yoga exercises you to feel relaxed and more alert. Another point is that many people a better self-esteem. In order to enhance it some individuals ego-centred and even aggressive. Instead, they do more exercises that work better than a well known meditation. One exercise regularly if one has sleep problems caused by stress. Those who exercise regularly will sleep better and perform a better job without feeling tired. People experiencing stress take exercises because physical activity reduces harmful adrenaline in blood caused by stress. If people exercise more, they eat healthy food and this helps the body manage stress better. Also, when one is stressed out, one more time for him-/herlslf. One does not to be alone. Exercises with a friend during stressful periods improve health and performance considerably.
Ability
Ability
Ability
Ability
Ability
Ability
3.2.5. GRAMMAR-GLOSS. Read the text only once and write a free version of what you have read. Focus on modal verbs.
Preparing for exams can be difficult for various reasons. However, there are some small "secrets" that can enable students to do better. First of all one should be prepared. Studying should be paced throughout the semester. Students should not wait until the last minute before the exam. They ought to get plenty of rest and eat healthy meals because the body needs food rich in vitamins and minerals. One should be positive. You have studied thoroughly and can expect good results. At the exam one should read the directions carefully and is to follow them exactly as written. Examination time is limited, so students must plan their test-taking time. Some students will need to split their exam time carefully. The students are recommended to answer the questions they know first. They should reread the answers carefully. They have to monitor the time so that to turn the paper in before the exam is complete. With any result, they must learn from their incorrect answers and continue studies in more detail. Students can make the most even of the unsuccessful attempts. In this case they will be able to do better next time.
3.2.6. Write what one should, ought, need, must, can and may do to look and feel well despite ageing.