History

1) Why did Henry II order to murder Thomas a Becket?

One of the main reasons for it was jealous from the king's side to Thomas who was an archbishop of canterbury. He wanted to be absolute undisputed ruler of both state and church.Henry also wanted to extend the authority of the secular legal courts over the clerics,but Becket disagreed. Actually the king didn't kill him, the four knights overheard him saying in a fit of rage : «no one will rid me of this troublesome priest». Before Thomas served as a Lord Chancellor to King Henry II. He was recommended to the post by then archbishop,Theobald.

2) Why was Magna Carta chartered?

“Magna Carta” was signed between the King John and the barons of medieval England in june 1215 at Runnymede near Windsor Castle. Magna Carta is considered as one of the most important documents in medieval England. This document represents itself as a written series of promises between the king and his subjects that he, the king, would govern England and deal with its people according to the customs of feudal law. Magna Carta was an attempt by the barons in order to stop a king - in this case John – because he abused his power with the people of England suffering. He wasn’t military successful, so his constant demands to get extra money and men angry barons. In 1204 the king lost his land in France. In response to that, John introduced high taxes without asking barons. It was against the feudal law and accepted custom.

3) How was royal power strengthened in France and England beginning in the Twelfth Century?

William's great grandson, Henry, acquired much of southern France through his marriage to Eleanor of Aquitaine (c.1122-1204). But initially she married to Louis VII of France.

However, this marriage was annulled in 1152. Then she married Henry of Anjou (Plantagenet), who became King Henry II of England in 1154. She bore eight children among them Richard and John. As a result of this intermarriage destinies of France and England closely intertwined.

4) Why did monasteries take reform of the church?

As we know there were some problems such as declining of catholic churches. One of these problems was monastic decline. The first successful measures of reform were taken in the monasteries –independent, support from lay lords. Most archbishops and bishops were unable to disentangle themselves from the political affairs of their day. Cluny founded by Duke William of Aquitaine (910). He endowed the monastery with property and made it independent. Reform movement spreads elaborate round of prayers.

5) Explain about Investiture controversy!

Lay investiture was the kind of appointment of bishops and other church officials, not church authorities, but as feudal lord. Moreover, ther were appointed by kings and nobles, and not by pope. It occurred in the 11th century in Europe. As the papacy became involved in the reform of the church, one the greatest challenges they faced was the problem of investiture. And Pope Gregory VII played one of the famous figures in this struggle against the emperor Henry IV. Pope Gregory VII prohibited the right for a king or other secular ruler to array people into high positions in the church.

6) What were the causes of the Crusades?

Both reason and cause of crusade was a war between Muslims and Christians. Who placed around the city of Jerusalem and the Holy places of Palestine. Jerusalem considered as a holy place for Christians. And pilgrims denied visiting holy lands by Muslims. So Kingdom of Christendom wanted to free Eastern Christians from Islamic rule. Pope could instigate a Crusade, and he persuaded a large amount of people to participate. At that time everyone was devoted to the Lord and committed him or herself to following the teachings of the bible. The Church promised everyone who was involved a remission of his or her sins and protection of land - almost as a persuasion.

7) What were the effects of the Crusades?

Each crusade had its individual effects depending on the circumstances. In general,it helps to Arabian medical practices and architectual knoowledge to be transferred to the West. Conquered towns helped to provide extra income for the treasury from furs, ivory and spices. It was uplift to Christians worldwide, knowing their sacred place of worship was securely in the hands of fellow believers. Conquered cities helped provide additional income for the treasury from fur, ivory and spices. Was lifting Christians throughout the world, knowing their sacred place of worship was firmly in the hands of co-religionists.

8) How did Renaissance originate in Italy?

It is considered that Renaissance originally started in Florence around the years 1350 to 1400. The start of the Renaissance also was the end of the Middle Ages. One of the big changes in Renaissance was that people changed their opinion about life. They started to think more widely; understood that life is more than hard working and war. They also started to investigate art sphere and finally realized that art can make life better and more interesting. At the beginning Italy was divided into several powerful city-states, which had its own government. Florence was one of the major cities. In the end of 1330s Florence had become the richest city. Consequently, wealthy people such as businessmen or rich merchants could allow to hire artisans and craftspeople. This inspired competitions among artists and thinkers. Art began to flourish and new thoughts began to emerge.

9) What was the purpose of The Book of the Courtier?

It was written by Baldassare Castiglione in the beginning of 1508 and published in 1528 by the Aldine Press just before his death. It addresses the constitution of a perfect courtier, and in its last installment, a perfect lady. It is a guide books for European aristocrats that teachs how to attain the elegant qualities necessary for acting like a true gentleman.

10) Explain about secularism, individualism, humanism and civic humanism of Renaissance!

The Renaissance in the fourteenth through sixteenth centuries is characterized by the art of the period.

Secularism is a movement in society directed away from the supernatural to life on earth. In medieval Europe, there was a strong tendency of religious people to judge human affairs and meditate on God and the afterlife. As a reaction to this medieval tendency, secularism, the Renaissance, exhibited itself in the development of humanity, when people began to show more interest in human cultural achievements and possibilities of their implementation in the world.

Individualism has become the main theme in Italy. Many philosophers have written about human potential and developed their own beliefs to such a person; a person should strive to be. These views inspired many people to invest in their study of arts and humanities, and as a result many significant achievements came out of the Renaissance.

Civic humanism refers to moral, social and political philosophy that developed in the fourteenth and fifteenth century in Italy. It includes an active and patriotic citizenship combined with ethics and emphasis on education.

• 11) Explain any of Renaissance artists and his works

• Mona Lisa

Da Vinci began painting the Mona Lisa in 1503.

Mona Lisa was known to be the wife of Francesco del Giocondo, Florentine citizen.

left it unfinished.

Da Vinci took the painting from Italy to France in 1516

– when King Francis I invited the painter finished it shortly before he died in 1519.

– Mona Lisa was not well known until the mid-19th century when artists of the emerging Symbolist movement began to appreciate it.

– She looks out at us with a serene, disturbing,

otherworldy expression on her face.

– The half-smile that plays across her face is

a characteristic Leonardo touch.

– He used sfumato(to vanish or shade) technique that he pioneered.

– the fruit of a lifetime’s work

• 11) Printing ensured that

ideas would spread quickly and reliably.

• The printing of books encouraged the development of scholarly research and

the desire to attain knowledge.

• Printing facilitated cooperation among scholars produced standardized and definitive texts.

• stimulated lay reading public.

• Stimulated the growth of cultural nationalism

• Shortly after the invention of printing each European country began to develop its own linguistic standards which were disseminated uniformly by books.

Date: 2015-01-29; view: 1090