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What is oxidant and reductant? What is the half-reactions and redox pairs?A quite general reaction:
n e
Ared is oxidize because it loses electrons; it is a reductant (reducing agent) because it acts as donor of electrons and causes another species to be reduced. Box is reduced because it gains electrons; it is an oxidant (oxidizing agent) because it acts as acceptor of electrons and causes another species to be oxidized. In the reaction
2 e Fe(s) + Cu2+(aq) + 2 e
Fe is oxidized, it acts as reductant of Cu2+,
Cu2+ ion is reduced, it acts as oxidant of Fe.
Every redox reaction can be formally separated into two parts called half-reactions (half-equations, half-cells) that represent either oxidation only or reduction only; they do not occur without the other half-reaction taking place at the same time:
Pairs of the oxidized and reduced species Aox / Ared and Box / Bred that appear in half-equations are called redox pairs (or redox couples).
Components of a particular redox pair can differ not only in the number of electrons but also in the number of hydrogen, oxygen, as well as other atoms. Hydrogenation and dehydrogenation, Oxygenation and deoxygenation. Hydrogenation and hydratation, dehydrogenation and dehydratation are same phenomenon? Why? Hydrogenation and dehydrogenation are redox reactions, the products of which contain more or less hydrogen atoms
(as well as less or more multiple covalent bonds the terms saturation or desaturation are also used).
Oxygenation and deoxygenation are redox reactions, the products of which contain more or less oxygen atoms.
A special type of oxygenation is hydroxylation. Different types of redox reactions examples:
Loss and gain of electrons
Oxygenation and deoxygenation
C(s) + O2 →CO2 oxidation (combustion) of carbon
CO2→ CO + ½O2 reduction of carbon dioxide by deoxygenation Dehydrogenation and hydrogenation
Do not confuse the terms hydrogenation dehydrogenation
and
and
hydratation, dehydratation ! In organic chemistry,
hydrogenated products are sometimes named by adding the prefix dihydro to the name of a original compound, and dehydrogenated products by adding the prefix dehydro to the name of a original compound.
Hydratation and dehydratation are not redox reactions; there is no change in the sum of the both carbon oxidation numbers (one of them is oxidized and another is reduced in addition or elimination of water).
Which kind of redox reactions type do you know? What is Standard electrode potentials E0, electromotive force (electric driving force)? Nernst equation? Well-known strong oxidants and reductants examples:
Oxidizing agents H2O2, KMnO4, K2Cr2O7, Cl2, I2 Reducing agents H2, C, Fe, Zn, SnCl2
Oxidants and reductants differ in their ability to react with other agents considerably.
The strength of oxidants and reductants (their tendency to gain or lose electrons) is expressed for particular redox pairs by standard electrode potentials E0. Standard electrode potential E0 is the potential for an electrochemical half-cell (both oxidized and reduced form at c = 1 mol/l) established relative to the potential of 0.000 V for the standard hydrogen electrode (H+/H couple under standard state conditions).
The equilibrium electromotive force Ecell (the potential of the galvanic cell) that is the potential difference between the two half-cells is measured: E0cell = E0 = E0red E0ox Any other reference electrode (which is stable and the potential known) may be used for measurement of electrode potentials, e.g. silver chloride or saturated calomel electrode (E0 = + 0.246 V). Electrode potentials E under non-standard conditions
Nernst equation
E, E0 el. potentials in volts
R = 8.314 l kPa K1 mol1 F = 96 500 C mol1
n = number of moles of electrons transferred
[Aox] and [Ared ] relevant concentrations of reactants After expressing R, T (298 K), and F in numbers and transposing natural logarithm into decadic (ln x = 2.3 log x), the equation will take the form
The electrode potential of half-cells at various concentrations of redox pair components can be calculated. On the contrary, the ratio of both redox pair components can be estimated from the measured values of electrode potentials.
Date: 2015-01-29; view: 3593
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