The Indirect Object of the II type (The Prepositional Object)

is always used with the preposition after both transitive & intransitive verbs and may denote the addressee of the action.

eg. An idea occured to Soams. Thank you for your kindness.

The Cognate Object is used after intransitive verbs but without any preposition;

it is expressed by a noun which is either of the same root as the verb or similar to it in the meaning;

it is always attended by an attribute with which it forms a combination close to an adverbial modifier. eg. To live a happy life means to live happily.

The cognate object is used in the following combinations:

to smile a sad smile

to laugh a bitter laugh

to die a violent death

to fight a terrible fight, etc

The Object can be Simple or Complex.

The Complex Object consists of two components which remind us of the subject & the predicate because the relations between them are predicative; they form an indivisible group of words which must be treated as one part of the sentence.

eg.She thinks herself very clever.I foundher awake. He felt himself on edge.

Ways of Expressing the Object

1. a noun (in the common or possessive case) or a nominal phrase

eg. I told him the truth.

A prepositional phrase

eg. I am afraid of dogs.

3. a pronoun (personal (in the objective case), possessive,demonstrative, defining, indefinite, negative, interrogative, conjunctive, relative) or

A pronominal phrase

eg. Who gave you that? I know all about it.

NOTE: The pronoun it can be a formal object introducing a real one.

eg. He found itimpossibleto utter a word.

A substantivised adjective or participle

eg. He never took into account the unfortunate.

They left the dying behind.

An infinitive, an infinitive phrase, an infinitive construction

eg. The captain ordered his men to stop.

She waited for me to come.

A gerund, a gerundial phrase, a gerundial construction

eg. I remember seeing you.

I don't like our going away.

Any part of speech used as a quotation

eg. They cried: "Hurra!"

An indivisible word-group

eg. He found a number of persons there.

A clause

eg. I don't know what you are talking about.

The Attribute

is a secondary part of the sentence which qualifies a noun, a pronoun or any part of speech that has a nominal character. It can stand either in pre-positionor inpost-position to the word it modifies (the antecedent).

eg. What did she do in that little hole. Under a tree opposite the house he stopped.

According to the type of connection between the attrubute & its antecedent the attribute can be nondetached (close) or detached (loose).

The nondetachedattribute is closely connected with the antecedent, forms one sense group with it & they are not separated by commas.

eg. There was a pretty house on the bank of the river.

The detachedattribute is loosely connected with the antecedent, forms a separate sense group in speech & they are separated by commas in writing.

eg. Big and strong, he impressed us greatly.

The Apposition is a special kind of an attribute expressed by a noun (with or without accompanying words) which characterizes or explains the word modified by giving the person or thing another name or putting it into a certain class. It can also be nondetached (denoting relationship, title, military rank, profession, geographical name, etc) ordetached.

eg. ProfessorBrown, Captain John, Aunt Polly, President Roosevelt

the city of London (nondetached)

She lived in the house of Timothy,her sixth and youngest brother. (detached)

Date: 2016-06-12; view: 248