Individual reactivity

Individual reactivity is determined by hereditary and acquired properties of the organism, it can be physiological and pathological, is determined by gender, age, state of all organs and systems, especially the nervous and endocrine, the type of higher nervous activity, the constitution. It depends on environmental factors (nutrition, temperature, oxygen content, etc.).

Physiological reactivity is the reactivity of normal, healthy body in the favorable conditions of existence that adequately responds to the stimulus. Pathological reactivity occurs under the influence of the state of emergency, the pathogenic factor. It is characterized by reduced adaptive capacity of ill or recovering body, an unusual form of response to a stimulus. Pathological individual reactivity may occur as a result of the violation of the genetic program itself (inherited forms of disease) or its implementation (acquired forms of pathology).

The physiological and pathological reactivity can be specific and nonspecific.

Specific (immune) reactivity is the body's ability to respond to antigenic stimulation by the elaboration of humoral antibodies and complex cell responses specific for the antigen.

Specific physiological reactivity provides immunity to infections; biological tissue incompatibility reactions, transplantation immunity, tumor immunity, specific resistance (resistance to a particular agent), adaptation to specific environmental factors (for example, to a lack of oxygen).

Nonspecific reactivity is the body's ability to respond to a variety of the stimuli providing the same type of response. Non-specific physiological reactivity manifestes in the form of adaptation to multiple environmental factors, such as lack of oxygen and at the same time to exercise, in the form of stress-reaction and in non-specific resistance. Nonspecific resistance is the resistance to damage (Hans Selye, 1961), not to any particular damaging agent or group of agents, but do damage itself, to a variety of factors, including extreme. It can be congenital (primary) or acquired (secondary) passive and active. Congenital resistance is determined by anatomical and physiological characteristics of the organism (e.g., resistance of insects, turtles associated with their dense chitinous cover). Acquired passive resistance arises, in particular, with sulfur-therapy, replaceable hemotransfusion. Active nonspecific resistance is caused by protective-adaptive mechanisms, results from adaptation (accommodating to the environment), training to damaging factor action (such as increased resistance to hypoxia as a result of acclimatization to the mountain climate).

Resistance can be total – it’s a sustainability of the whole body, and local – it’s a stability of certain parts of the body to various stimuli (e.g., to the action of electricity).

Specific pathological reactivity is shown in immune processes (allergies, autoimmune diseases, immunodeficiency and immunosuppressive conditions, immunoproliferative diseases, in specific forms of reactions that form the picture of the disease of this nosology (e.g., rash, infections, formation of tubercles, spasms of the arteries in hypertension , the defeat of the hematopoietic system in radiation pathology, etc.). Nonspecific pathological reactivity is shown in non-specific reactions that are inherent for many diseases, such as fever, pain, parabiosis (N.E. Vvedensky), the standard form of nerve degeneration (A.D. Speransky) general adaptation syndrome (Hans Selye). However, it is hard to spend a clear distinction between the specific (immune) and non-specific reactivity. For example, by the action of an antigenic factor in immune processes the reactive properties of the various physiological systems (circulatory, respiratory and others) are changing. At the same time, the action of non-antigenic stimuli, such as thermal – can activate immune component of the reaction (as in burn patients). In any non-specific reaction specific features can be found, such as fever typical of relapsing fever, malaria. And the specificity is determined by the wide variability of nonspecific processes.

Date: 2015-01-11; view: 899