IV. Listening. Writing the abstracts. What do you think is important and should be taken into account.

V. Verbs: the importance of being clear)

Verbs for abstracts

Address/ analyze / argue/ compare/ consider/ describe/ discuss/ emphasize/ examine/ introduce/ present/ propose/ introduce/ show/ examine/ include/ report/ Review /

This paper gives an overview of________

This paper gives a review of____

This paper rigorously establishes______

This paper attempts to explain why____

This paper considers ____

This paper examines how______

This paper presents ___________

This paper identifies _________

This paper summarizes__________

The paper reviews the problem of ___

This paper develops, measures, and tests___

This paper explores___

VI. Read the following list of verbs and decide which ones are STRONG/ NEUTRAL/ WEAK

1) Advance- imply-establish

2) Add- assert- claim

3) Analyze-show-think

4) State- remark-suggest

5) Seem to- predict- propose

6) Declare- mention- observe

7) Imply- dispute- indicate

8) Depict- declare- infer

9) Write- stress- assume

An abstract – how to make it attracting attention

The superphylum Panarthropoda (Arthropoda, Onychophora, and Tardigrada) exhibits a remarkable diversity of segment morphologies, enabling these animals to occupy diverse ecological niches. The molecular identities of these segments are specified by Hox genes and other axis patterning genes during development [1 and 2]. Comparisons of molecular segment identities between arthropod and onychophoran species have yielded important insights into the origins and diversification of their body plans [3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9]. However, the relationship of the segments of tardigrades to those of arthropods and onychophorans has remained enigmatic [10 and 11], limiting our understandingof early panarthropod body plan diversification. Here, we reveal molecular identities for all of the segments of a tardigrade. Based on our analysis, we conclude that tardigrades have lost a large intermediate region of the body axis—a region corresponding to the entire thorax and most of the abdomen of insects—and that they have lost the Hox genes that originally specified this region. Our data suggest that nearly the entire tardigrade body axis is homologous to just the head region of arthropods. Based on our results, we reconstruct a last common ancestorof Panarthropoda that had a relatively elongate body plan like most arthropods and onychophorans, rather than a compact, tardigrade-like body plan. These results demonstrate that the body plan of an animal phylum can originate by the loss of a large part of the body.

Abstract – 1

Theoretical analysis based on an original kinetic model has revealed that a depression sensitivity to acetylcholine in Helix neurons in cellular correlate of habituation depends not only on exocytosis and endocytosis, but also on the lateral diffusion of Ach-receptors. Lateral diffusion of Ach-receptors under experimental conditions was assessed by applying electrophysiological methods. The following drugs were used: MbCD (depletes cholesterol in the cell membrane), Ro 48-8071 (cholesterol synthesis inhibitor), antibodies spectrin and merlin (against actin-binding proteins). In the presence of MbCD (1 мМ) and Ro 48-8071 (2 мкМ) the rate of Ach-induced current depression was slower. The steady-state level of peak current was achieved in case of MbCD, but not of Ro 48-8071. In the presence of antibodies speсtrin (1:100) and merlin (1:50) the rate of Ach-induced current depression was faster and recovery of peak current was reduced. Fitting a kinetic model to electrophysiological data shown that MbCD causes a decrease the diffusion rate and constants of endocytosis and exocytosis. Whereas antibodies causes an increase of the diffusion rate and constants of endo - and exocytosis. These results indicate that lateral diffusion of Ach-receptors participates during depression of Ach-induced current in the cellular correlate of habituation.

VII. Some tips on how to write a title for a paper

Date: 2016-04-22; view: 1028