Physical properties

Contents

1 Characteristics___________________________________________________4

1.1 Physical properties_________________________________________4

1.2 Chemical properties________________________________________5

1.3 Allotropes________________________________________________5

1.4 Isotopes__________________________________________________6

1.5 Natural occurrence_________________________________________7

2 Production______________________________________________________8

2.1 Deposit in Kazakhstan______________________________________10

3 Compounds_____________________________________________________10

3.1 Sulfides__________________________________________________10

3.2 Oxides and oxyanions_______________________________________11

3.3 Halides and oxyhalides______________________________________12

3.4 Pnictides_________________________________________________12

3.5 Metal sulfides_____________________________________________12

3.6 Organic compounds________________________________________

4 History_________________________________________________________

4.1 Antiquity_________________________________________________

4.2 Modern times_____________________________________________

4.3 Spelling and etymology_____________________________________

5 Applications_____________________________________________________

5.1 Sulfuric acid______________________________________________

5.2 Other large-scale sulfur chemicals____________________________

5.3 Fertilizer_________________________________________________

5.4 Fine chemicals____________________________________________

5.5 Fungicide and pesticide_____________________________________

5.6 Bacteriocide in winemaking and food preservation_______________

6 Biological role___________________________________________________

6.1 Protein and organic cofactors________________________________

6.2 Metalloproteins and inorganic cofactors________________________

6.3 Sulfur metabolism and the sulfur cycle_________________________

7 Precautions______________________________________________________

8 Importance in life_________________________________________________

8 References_______________________________________________________

Sulfur or sulphur is a chemical element with symbol S and atomic number 16. It is an abundant, multivalentnon-metal. Under normal conditions, sulfur atoms form cyclic octatomic molecules with chemical formula S₈. Elemental sulfur is a bright yellow crystalline solid when at room temperature. Chemically, sulfur can react as either an oxidant or reducing agent. It oxidizes most metals and severalnonmetals, including carbon, which leads to its negative charge in most organosulfur compounds, but it reduces several strong oxidants, such as oxygen and fluorine.

Sulfur occurs naturally as the pure element (native sulfur) and as sulfide and sulfate minerals. Elemental sulfur crystals are commonly sought after by mineral collectors for their distinct, brightly colored polyhedron shapes. Being abundant in native form, sulfur was known in ancient times, mentioned for its uses in ancient India, ancient Greece, China and Egypt. Fumes from burning sulfur were used as fumigants, and sulfur-containing medicinal mixtures were used as balms and antiparasitics. Sulfur is referenced in the Bible as brimstone (burn stone) in English, with this name still used in several nonscientific tomes. It was needed to make the best quality of black gunpowder. In 1777, Antoine Lavoisier helped convince the scientific community that sulfur was a basic element, rather than a compound.

Elemental sulfur was once extracted from salt domes where it sometimes occurs in nearly pure form, but this method has been obsolete since the late 20th century. Today, almost all elemental sulfur is produced as a byproduct of removing sulfur-containing contaminants from natural gas andpetroleum. The element's commercial uses are primarily in fertilizers, because of the relatively high requirement of plants for it, and in the manufacture of sulfuric acid, a primary industrial chemical. Other well-known uses for the element are in matches, insecticides and fungicides. Many sulfur compounds are odoriferous, and the smell of odorized natural gas, skunk scent, grapefruit, and garlic is due to sulfur compounds. Hydrogen sulfide produced by living organisms imparts the characteristic odor to rotting eggs and other biological processes.

Sulfur is an essential element for all life, and is widely used in biochemical processes. In metabolic reactions, sulfur compounds serve as both fuels and respiratory (oxygen-alternative) materials for simple organisms. Sulfur in organic form is present in the vitamins biotin and thiamine, the latter being named for the Greek word for sulfur. Sulfur is an important part of many enzymes and in antioxidant molecules like glutathione and thioredoxin. Organically bonded sulfur is a component of all proteins, as the amino acids cysteine and methionine. Disulfide bonds are largely responsible for the mechanical strength and insolubility of the protein keratin, found in outer skin, hair, and feathers, and the element contributes to their pungent odor when burned.

Characteristics

Picture 1.When burned, sulfur melts to a blood-red liquid and emits a blue flame that is best observed in the dark.

Table 1.

Physical properties

Sulfur forms polyatomic molecules with different chemical formulas, with the best-known allotrope beingoctasulfur, cyclo-S₈. Octasulfur is a soft, bright-yellow solid with only a faint odor, similar to that ofmatches. It melts at 115.21 °C, boils at 444.6 °C and sublimes easily. At 95.2 °C, below its melting temperature, cyclo-octasulfur changes from α-octasulfur to the β-polymorph. The structure of the S₈ ring is virtually unchanged by this phase change, which affects the intermolecular interactions. Between its melting and boiling temperatures, octasulfur changes its allotrope again, turning from β-octasulfur to γ-sulfur, again accompanied by a lower density but increased viscosity due to the formation of polymers. At even higher temperatures, however, the viscosity decreases as depolymerization occurs. Molten sulfur assumes a dark red color above 200 °C. The density of sulfur is about 2 g·cm⁻³, depending on the allotrope; all of its stable allotropes are excellent electrical insulators.

Date: 2016-04-22; view: 1661