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Principal Middle English Written Records
| Approximate Dating | Groups of Dialects | |||||
| Kentish | South, Western or West Midland | London | Midland or East Midland | Northern | Scottish | |
| 12th c. | THE PETERBOROUGH CHRONICLE | |||||
| 13th c. | Kentish Sermons POEMA MORALE | ANCREME RIWLE Layamon: BRUT | PROCLAMATION of Henry III Political Poems | ORMULUM; HAVELOK THE DANE | THE PROSE RULE OF ST BENEDICT | |
| 14th c. | Dan Michael AY ENBITE OF INWIT | Robert of Gloucester, a versified CHRONICLE SIR GAWAINE AND THE GREEN KNIGHT and other poems by the same author Higden: translation of POLYCHRONICON | Romance of Chivalry: RICHARD COEUR DE LION and others; Wyclif’s works; Langland PIERS THE PLOWMAN; Chaucer’s works Gower’s works | Adam Davy’s poems Romances of Chivalry; Miracle Plays | CURSOR MUNDI; Richard Rolle of Hampole: THE PRICK OF CONSCIENCE | J. Barbour: BRUCE; Henry the Minstrel: WALLACE |
| 15th c. | Hoccleeve’s poems Lydgate poems Th. Malory: MORTE D’ARTHUR | York Plays | James I: KING’S QUHAIR |
Quantitative Vowel Changes in Late Old English and Early Middle English
| Phonetic conditions | Change illustrated | Examples | ||
| OE | ME | NE | ||
| Before homorganic consonant sequences: sonorant plus plosive (ld, nd, mb) | Vowels become long | cild findan climban cold feld fundon gold | child [t∫i:ld] finden [΄fi:ndən] climben [΄kli:mbən] cold [ko:ld] field [fe:ld] founden [΄fu:nden] gold [go:ld] | child find climb cold field found gold |
| Before other consonant sequences | Vowels become short | fīftiç fēdde mētte wīsdom | fifty [΄fifti] fedde [΄feddə] mette [΄mettə] wisdom [΄wizdəm] | fifty fed met wisdom |
| In open syllables | Vowels become long and more open | mete stelan macian talu nosu stolen yfel duru | mete [΄mε:tə] stelen [΄stε:lən] maken [΄ma:kən] tale [΄ta:lə] nose [΄no:zə] stolen [΄sto:lən] yvel, evel [i:], [e:] doore [΄do:rə] | meat steal make tale nose stolen evil door |
Strong Verbs in Old English
| Principal forms Classes | Infinitive | Past Singular | Past Plural | Participle II (with prefix çe-) | NE |
| wrītan | wrāt | writon | writen | write | |
| (a) cēosan (b) būçan | cēas bēaç | curon buçon | coren boçen | choose bow | |
| (a) findan (b) helpan (c) feohtan | fand healp feaht | fundon hulpon fuhton | funden holpen fohten | find help fight | |
| Beran | bær | bǽron | boren | bear | |
| (a) cweðan (b) sittan | cwæð sæt | cwǽdon sǽton | cweden seten | ‘say’ sit | |
| Scacan | scōc | scōcon | scacen | shake | |
| (a) hātan (b) çrōwan | hēt (heht) çrēow | hēton (hehton) çrēowon | hāten çrōwen | ‘call’, ‘name’ grow |
Weak Verbs in Old English
| Principal forms Classes | Infinitive | Past Tense | Participle II (with prefix çe-) | NE |
| I | -an/-ian | -de/-ede/-te | -ed/-d/-t | stir tame deem keep tell think |
| (a) styrian (b) temman (c) dēman (d) cēpan (e) tellan (f) þyncan | styrede temede dēmde cēpte tealde þūhte | styred temed dēmed cēped teald þūht | ||
| II | -ian | -ode | -od | look |
| lōcian | lōcode | lōcod | ||
| III | -an | -de | -d | live have |
| libban habban | lifde hæfde | lifd hæfd |
Date: 2016-04-22; view: 2136
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