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This is a story told by an American tourist who has recently been to Italy. Fill in the blanks, using the words given below, and translate the sentences into Russian.

Every country has its ... That's perfectly true. When I first came to a tiny Italian village 1 was shocked: everyone was smiling and waving at me. The ... of hospitality... local people to ... the foreigners from any trouble. In daylight and even at night you can go out without ... of being ... or ... Though the Italian laws are ... like all the laws, in the country you can ... ...open-heartedness and every possible support of the natives. The law of ... is for huge industrial cities.

the jungle, robbed, kidnapped, customs, laws, to protect, rely on, fear, prescribe, imperfect

Read the following text for obtaining information.

OTHER TIMES - OTHER MANNERS

 

In order to understand why a particular country has a particular legal •astern, it is necessary to look at its history, political structure and social values. When there is political and social upheaval*, one of the main con-rcrns of a new government is to revise the legal system. Britain has had an unusual degree of political continuity*. Despite civil wars in the fifteenth .nut seventeenth centuries and enormous social changes associated with industrialization, England and Wales have retained many laws and legal principles that originated eight centuries ago. On the other hand, most of

I i lie law of Japan, which experienced the rapid upheaval of the Meiji Res­it nation and foreign occupation after the second world War, was developed within the last century.

Each country in the world, even each state of the United States, has its own system of law. However it is generally true to say that there are two in.iin traditions of law in the world. One is based on English Common law, and has been adopted by many Commonwealth* countries and most of the United States. The other tradition, sometimes known as Continental, or Roman law, has developed in most of continental Europe, Latin America .in many countries in Asia and Africa, which have been strongly influenced by Europe. Continental law has also influenced Japan and several socialist • onntrics.

(From : Law Today)

upheaval— ïåðåâîðîò

continuity— ïîñòîÿíñòâî

Commonwealth— ñîäðóæåñòâî

 

8. Which is true?

1. A particular legal system is closely connected with the history, po­litical structure, and social values of the country.

2. The legal system is fixed once and forever.

3. The law system is a universal thing.

4. Roman law has developed in the United States.

5. Japan, being isolated from the Continent, wasn't influenced by any of the world traditions of law.

Problem of the Lesson

Discuss with your partner.

What tradition of law has developed in your Country? Why?

Agree or disagree with the statements. Give your reasons.

We don't need laws because no country can provide its citizens with perfect laws.

Without laws and customs people would live like predators.

 

Test

1. ... are not made by governments or written down.

A customs

 laws



Ñ rules

D constitutions

2. Tom is a person you can ... on .

A depend

 put

Ñ go

D rely

3. The city bank was ... by teenage computer-hackers.

A stolen

 gone

Ñ robbed

D kidnapped

4. You' re so selfish and do everything for your personal ...

A pleasure

 benefit

Ñ luck

D body

5. The young teacher failed to ... order in the class.

A restore

 maintain

Ñ organize

D bring

6. He mustn't be blamed: it was ...

A self-protection

 self-control

Ñ self-respect

D self-confidence

7.What a shame! You've ... money.

A stolen

 taken

Ñ given

D lost

8. .. is a serious crime in the United States

A murder

 murderer

Ñ drinking

D kidnapper

9. They have no ..

A flat

 property

Ñ money

D cash

10. Could you ... how it looks like.

A describe

 say

Ñ prescribe

D speak


 

 


The idea of a constitution and constitutionalism stands as one of the most debated concepts in political theory, political philosophy and current political discourse. It can not be easily severed from the history of western political thought, nor can it be easily separated from contemporary democratic theory and practice. It provides the background to contemporary political structure and political discourse in much of the western world.

Constitutionalism is generally understood as quite simply a dedication to any given set of the constitutional arrangements, which can support a system of rule in any given political community.

The standard definition of a constitution refers to the Act or the norms that constitute the body and the structure and characteristics of any political body.

There is no concrete single written document that we can call the UK constitution.

However some of the main powers of various parts of the state — particularly those powers which have a bearing on constitutional and administrative law — are in fact written: the 1911 and 1949 Parliament Acts; the Bill of Rights of 1689; the Act of Union 1706; the 1972 European Communities Act; The European Union Act 1993; the Habeas Corpus Act 1679; Administration of Justice Act 1960 and the various acts from 1832 culminating in the Representation of the People Act 1969 are obvious examples.

The laws of the UK constitution comprise the following kinds of rules:

statute law

common law

constitutional conventions

The UK constitution is said to be ‘flexible’. It is seen as such because any rule of the constitution can be altered in the same way as any other law. In other word there is no distinction between laws that are specifically constitutional or fundamental and those that are not.

The most important constitutional analysis and conclusions are to be found in Albert Venn Dicey’s Introduction to the Law and Study of the Constitution first published in 1885. This text still constitutes the dominant paradigm of constitutional discourse in the UK.

According to it there are three guiding principles in the British political system: parliamentary sovereignty, constitutional conventions and the rule of law.

The sovereignty of parliamentmeans that parliament can make or unmake any law whatsoever. The absence of any higher legislative authority (like a Supreme Court) means that no Act can be declared unconstitutional.

Constitutional conventionsare unwritten rules that were regarded as crucially significant for the smooth running of the political system. They are most aptly described as rules that are considered binding by and upon those who are responsible for making the constitution work. They constituted the essential oil in the formal machinery of the constitution, they plugged the gap between formal law and political reality.

The rule of law embraces three distinct though necessarily related practices. First, the rule of law excludes the exercise of arbitrary official power over individual citizens; second, it stands for the equality of all before the law; and third, it stands for the notion that the constitution was not the proper source of citizens rights but the general principles of the constitution were the consequence of the liberties conferred and remedies provided by case law. The rule of law for is an important abstract value in the UK constitution because it is a principle of constitutional morality, limiting the power of the state.


Date: 2016-04-22; view: 3024


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