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How goals facilitate performanceLesson 2. Planning and Decision Making
1. The planning process. 1 2. The nature of organizational goals. 1 Levels of goals. 1 First level management – operational goals. 1 Middle management – tactical goals. 1 Strategic goals – top management 1 How goals facilitate performance. 2 Five major characteristics of effective goals: 2 Linking goals and plans. 2 3. Strategic management and MBO process. 3 Environmental assessment 4 4. Managerial Decision Making. 5 The planning process
Plan – The means devised to reach a goal Goal– A future target or end result that an organization wishes to achieve Mission– The organization’s purpose or fundamental reason for existence Mission statement (MS) – a broad declaration of the basic, unique purpose and scope of operations that distinguishes the organization form others of its type
Mission – Goals – Plans – Goal attainment (organizational efficiency and effectiveness)
M.S. for managers: is a benchmark against which to evaluate the success. for employees: defines a common purpose. for external parties – investors, governments – unique insight into an organization’ values, and future directions.
Use of goals – benefits a) can increase performance b) help clarify expectations c) facilitate the controlling function – provide benchmarks d) increased motivation
Levels of goals
First level management – operational goals
Targets or future results set by lower management that address specific measurable outcomes required from the lower levels.
Middle management – tactical goals
Targets or future results usually set by middle management for specific departments or units Spell what must be done to achieve the results outlined in the strategic goals. Tend to be stated in more measurable terms than strategic ones.
Strategic goals – top management
Broadly defined targets or future end results set by top management. Called “official goals”. Areas: Market standing - desired share of present and new markets Innovation – in products, services, in skills and activities as required Human resources - supply, development and performance of managers Physical resources – facilities and how to use ‘em in production process Productivity – efficient use of resources relative to outcomes Social responsibility – community and ethical behavior Profit requirements – level of profitability, other indicators.
How goals facilitate performance
Five major characteristics of effective goals:
Goal commitment – one’s attachment to, or determination to reach, a goal. To feel committed.
Date: 2016-03-03; view: 2746
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