Exceptions: now, how, cow, row, brow.

Irregular spellings: shoulder, poultry, mould, soul, own, brooch.

/ a͟ʊ /

is represented in spelling by:

1. the digraph “ou” - South, thousand, mouth.

2. the digraph “ow” in the medial position - town, towel, brown, crowd.

Irregular spellings: now, cow, how, vow, bow, brow, allow, bough, plough, drought.

/ ɑ:/

is represented in spelling by:

1. the digraph “ar” - cart, party

2. the letter “a” followed by “ss”-pass, grass

“st”-past, fast

“sk”-ask, basket

“sp”-grasp, clasp

“ft”-after, craft

“th”-path, father.

3. the letter ”a” followed by “lm”-calm, palm

“lf” - half, calf (the letter “l” is mute here)

4. the suffixes “ance”and “and”-France, glance, demand, command.

Rare spellings: aunt, laughter, clerk, sergeant, heart, hearth, drama, aria, tomato, banana, vase, moustache.

/ u: /

is represented in spelling by:

1. the letter “u” in open syllables - tune, mute /ju:/

It sounds /u: / preceded by “j, r, l” -June, rule, blue, true.

2. the digraphs “eu”, “ew”/ju:/ -feudal, neutral, few, new

but: Jew, crew, flew /u:/

3. the digraph “ui” - suit, fruit, cruise.

4. the digraph “oo” in all positions except when followed by “k” or “r” - moon, soon.

5. the digraph “ou” in words of French origin - soup, route, youth, wound, you.

Rare spelling: shoe, beauty, queue, who, whom, whose, two.

/ ɔ:/

is represented in spelling by:

1. the letters “or” ( the third syllable type) - port, sport.

2. the letters “oor” -floor, door

“our” - your, course

“oar” - board, roar.

3. the letter “a” followed by “ll”and“l + cons.” -all, tall, salt, chalk.

4. the letters “au” and ”aw” -autumn, author, law,saw,lawn.

5. the letter combinations “ought” - ought, thought.

“aught” -caught, taught.

6. the letters “war” -warm, ward.

Irregular reading: our, sour, flower, poor.

/ ɜ:/

is represented in spelling by:

1. the letters “er”- term, service.

“ir” – bird, fir.

“ur” – turn, fur, nurse.

“yr”-myrtle.

Note: the third syllable type.

2. the digraph “ear” + cons. - earth, heard.

3. the letters “wor” - work,word.

Rare spellings: journey, journalist, were, colonel.

/ ɪə /

is represented in spelling by:

1. the letter combinations “ere” -here, severe

“ear” - hear, dear

“eer” -cheer, deer.

2. the letter combination “ier” - pier, cashier.

3. the letter “e” followed by “r” + vowel - era, hero, period, serious.

Rare spellings: theory, museum, theatre, idea, beard, real.

/ ɛə /

is represented in spelling by:

1. the letter combinations “are” - care, fare, prepare.

“air” - chair, air, hair.

2. the letter ”a” followed by “r” + vowel - vary, Mary, parents, variant.

Irregular spellings: are /a:/, to bear, to wear, to tear, to swear, pear, where, there.

/ uə /

is represented in spelling by:

1. the combination “ure” - cure, pure, sure.

2. by the letter “u” followed by “r” +vowel - jury, fury, during.

Irregular spellings: poor, moor, tour(ist), Europe.

The English Consonant System

The consonant is a speech sound in the production of which the air stream coming out of the lungs has to overcome a certain obstruction on its way.

The English consonant system consists of 24 consonant phonemes.

Graphical rules

/ k /

is represented in spelling by:

1. the letter”k” - keep, kitchen, kind.

2. the letter “c” before “a, o, u“ -cat, cut, coat

before consonants-cry, class

in final position- sync, music.

3. the digraph “ck” - sick, back, buckwheat (only after short vowels)

/ g /

is represented in spelling by

1. the letter “g” before a, o, uand cons. -gave, good, gun, grammar.

Irregular readings: give, got, get, girl, finger, begin.

2. the digraph ”gu” - language.

/ ʃ /

is represented in spelling by:

1. the letter combination “sh” - shoe, she.

2. the letter “c” and the letter combination “ci” - official, ancient, social, special.

3. the suffixes “tion”,“sion”,“ssion” -expression, proposition, excursion, examination.

Date: 2016-03-03; view: 948