B) Perform your dialogue in class. Compare it with the dialogues made by other pairs. Discuss and vote for the best role-play.

A) Read the text and refer the headings (A-E) to the appropriate paragraphs.

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AYouth Sections in Mass Political Movements

BDifferent Types of Youth Movements

CYoung People's Religious Organisations

DPostwar Youth Cultures

EAdult-led Youth Movements

D 1 Young people are active participants in their own history. Past generations of radical students have played a part in

protests and revolutions against the existing order of society. A youth movement in this sense has an ideological or political character.

At the same time ordinary young people usually belong to a youth movement through membership of an adult-led, voluntary youth organisation, such as the Scouts or Guides. There are also fashion-led 'youth cultures', identified by types of dress, music and language.

The term 'youth movement' is so wide

that it can refer to the Punk Rockers as well as the Young Conservatives.

D 2 The world's first voluntary youth

organisation was the Church-based Boys' Brigade, founded in Glasgow, Scotland, in 1883 by William Alexander Smith (1854- 1914) and dedicated to religious

education and developing the habits of

Obedience, Reverence, Discipline, Self­ Respect, and all that tends towards a true Christian manliness.

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In the 1990s, in Germany appeared a movement of middle­ class students who took up open-air tramping. Richard Schirmann, a German schoolteacher, opened the first youth hostel in 1909. Youth hostels providing cheap accommodation

for young people are now found in most areas of the world.

In England, Major-General Robert Baden-Powell (1857- 1941) founded a uniformed woodcraft movement the Boy Scouts in 1908. Like the Boys' Brigade, the Scout movement has spread around the world. A sister

organisation to the Scouts, the Girl Guide

Association, founded in 1910, also has a large membership worldwide. These organisations train

boys and girls in various useful skills, such as lighting

a fire, cooking, fishing and for developing their character. Scouts traditionally carry a penknife and their

motto is 'Be prepared!'.

0 3 Young people have contributed to mass political

movements of both left and right. In the 1930s there functioned youth Fascist organisations in Mussolini's Italy and Hitler's Germany. After 1933 membership of the Nazi

Hitler Youth became compulsory. In Britain some young people joined the Blackshirts. The Austrian Red Falcons

were an active 1930s socialist movement.

Soviet Ukraine had Young Communist groups:

Zhovteniata, Pioneers and Komsomol members

whose aim was political education of young people according to communist ideals.

D 4 Since World War II media had spoken a lot about the

activities of various notorious youth cults, thus spreading information about them. The Teddy Boys of the 1950s, with their long jackets, velvet collars, drainpipe trousers and crepe­ soled shoes were the first of the rebellious working-class youth

cults. In the early 1960s came new groups such as the Mods, dressed in Italian-style clothes, and their leather-clad rivals, the Rockers, associated with motorcycles and rock-and-roll music.

The Hippies of the late 1960s were more middleclass. They experimented with drugs, lived in communities, grew their hair long, and were attracted to radical politics.

USE YOUR ENGLISH

The Skinheads, combining elements of both Mods and Rockers and associated with the racism of the far right, arrived on the scene in the late 1960s. The

Punk Rockers achieved notoriety through the

attention of the media in the late 1970s, with their unique 'Mohican' hairstyles, vivid make-up, cast-off clothes and aggressive music. Several of these youth cultures were recycled in the 1980s.

Date: 2016-03-03; view: 1136