Essential Vocabulary. Vocabulary Notes

WORDS

Tee, v, n exultation, n

Preliminary, adj birdie, v

Waggle, n, v occur, v

Rapid(ity), adj(n) peer, v

Soar, v distinctly, adv

Bunker, n furze, n

Mashie, adj hack, n

Scud, v bugbear, n

Solitary, adj chasm, n

Manifest, v skirt, v

Merely, adv scramble, v

Utter, v hurl, v

Decidedly, adv athletic, adj

Ejaculation, n ominous, adj

Amiable, adj bundle, n

Eminently, adv familiar, adj

Mutter, v conscious(ness), adj(n)

Dejectedly, adv pallor, n

Swing, n, v sinewy, adj

Eloquent, adj shot, n

Succeed, v resonant, adj

Equally, adv queer, adj

Niblick, n shudder, v

VOCABULARY NOTES

Tee (n, v)

A) Noun

1) A cleared space on a golf course, from which the ball is struck at the beginning of play for each hole. Syn: teeing ground.

■ a small peg with a concave head which can be placed in the ground to support a golf ball before it is struck from a tee. [Origin: late 17th cent. (originally Scots, as teaz): of unknown origin].

2) A mark aimed at in bowls, quoits, curling, and other similar games. [Origin: late 18^th cent. (originally Scots): perhaps the same word as tee 1.].

b) Verb (tees, teeing, teed)

1) [no obj.] place the ball on a tee ready to make the first stroke of the round or hole

■ (tee off) begin a round or hole of golf by playing the ball from a tee

■ (tee off) make a start on something

– to tee up

■ [with obj.] place (something) in position, especially to be struck

A wary man tees up the rest of the coconuts

2) [with obj.] (tee someone off) make someone angry or annoyed

Tommy was really teed off at Ernie.

Waggle (n, v)

a) Verb: move or cause to move with short quick movements from side to side or up and down: [no obj] His arm waggled | [with obj.] Mary waggled a glass at them. Syn: to wave, to sway (to and fro)

-to waggle one’s head

■ [with obj.] swing (a golf club) loosely to and fro over the ball before playing a shot

b) Noun: an act of waggling.

Succeed (v)

a) [no obj.] achieve the desired aim or result he succeeded in winning a pardon | a mission which could not possibly succeed

-the generation that succeeds us

■ attain fame, wealth, or social status. Syn: to progress, to make progress, to attain sth, to achieve sth.

The management and business skills you need to succeed.

-to succeed in life/sport/business/doing sth

b) [with obj.] take over a throne, office, or other position from.

He would succeed Hawke as Prime Minister.

■ [no obj.]become the new rightful holder of an office, title, or property

He succeeded to his father's kingdom.

■ come after and take the place of her embarrassment was succeeded by fear

N: success–nothing succeeds like success. Derivatives: succeeder. Origin: late Middle English: from Old French succeder or Latin succedere “come close after”, from sub – “close to” + cedere “go”.

Occur (v)

Verb (occurs, occurring, occurred) [no obj., with adverbial] happen; take place. Syn: to happen, to befall, to appear, to take place.

The accident occurred at about 3.30 p.m

■ exist or be found to be present in a place or under a particular set of conditions

Radon occurs naturally in rocks such as granite

■ (occur to) (of a thought or idea) come into the mind of: [with clause]

It occurred to him that he hadn't eaten. Origin: late 15^th cent.: from Latin occurrere “go to meet, present itself”, from ob – “against” + currere “to run”.

Peer (v, n)

a) Verb [no obj., with adv.] look with difficulty or concentration at someone or something. Syn: to look (intently), to glance, to stare, to gaze

Faye peered at her with suspicion.

■ be just visible the towers peer over the roofs

■ [no obj.] come into view; appear Origin: late 16^th cent.: perhaps a variant of dialect pire or perhaps partly from a shortening of appear

- peer at / into / over / past / (a)round / through

- to peer into the distance -to peer over smb’s shoulder

-to peer round the corner -to peer at the photograph

b) Noun

1) a member of the nobility in Britain or Ireland, comprising the ranks of duke, marquess, earl, viscount, and baron;

2) a person of the same age, status, or ability as another specified person.

He has incurred much criticism from his academic peers.

- vote by peers

- peer-reviewed

- peer pressure

- peer-to-peer

- peer group

Hurl (v, n)

a) Verb [with obj. and adv. of direction] throw or impel (someone or something) with great force. Syn: throw, impel

Rioters hurled a brick through the windscreen | he hurled himself into the job with enthusiasm

- hurl away

- hurl down

- hurl out

- hurl together

- to hurl insults at smb.

■ utter (abuse) vehemently

The demonstrators hurled abuse at councillors

■ [no obj.] vomit

You make me want to hurl

B) Noun

1) a ride in a vehicle; a lift Origin: Middle English: probably imitative, but corresponding in form and partly in sense with Low German hurreln

2) a club (armour in sport)

3) a violent throw

Athletic (adj)

1) physically strong, fit, and active | big, muscular, athletic boys. Syn: strong, muscular, fit, well-built.

2) [attrib.] relating to athletes or athletics: athletic events | an athletic club | athletic field. Derivatives: athletically, athleticism. Origin: mid 17^th cent.: from French athlétique or Latin athleticus, from Greek athlētikos, from athletes.

Athlete, n a person who is proficient in sports and other forms of physical exercise

– track-and-field athletics

■ a person who takes part in competitive track and field events (athletics)

Familiar (adj, n)

A) Adjective

1) well known from long or close association. Syn: known, close, intimate, acquainted.

Their faces will be familiar to many of you | a familiar voice.

■ often encountered or experienced; common

The situation was all too familiar.

■ (familiar with) having a good knowledge of

Ensure that you are familiar with the heating controls.

2) in close friendship; intimate

She had not realized they were on such familiar terms.

■ informal or intimate to an inappropriate degree

- familiar (free) essay

- familiar resort

- thoroughly familiar

B) Noun

1) (also familiar spirit) a demon supposedly attending and obeying a witch, often said to assume the form of an animal;

2) a close friend or associate;

3) (in the Roman Catholic Church) a person rendering certain services in a pope’s or bishop’s household. Derivatives: familiarly, familiarity Origin: Middle English (in the sense “intimate”, “on a family footing”): from Old French familier, from Latin familiaris, from familia “household servants, family”, from famulus “servant”.

Conscious (adj)

1) aware of and responding to one’s surroundings. Syn: aware, awake

Although I was in pain, I was conscious.

2) having knowledge of something.

We are conscious of the extent of the problem.

■ [in combination] concerned with or worried about a particular matter.

They were growing increasingly security-conscious.

3) (of an action or feeling) deliberate and intentional | a conscious effort to walk properly.

■ (of the mind or a thought) directly perceptible to and under the control of the person concerned. Derivatives: consciously, consciousness. Origin: late 16^th cent. (in the sense “being aware of wrongdoing”): from Latin conscius “knowing with others or in oneself” (from conscire “be privy to”) + –ous.

Shot (n, PII)

A) Noun

1) the firing of a gun or cannon. Syn: blast.

Mulder killed him with a single shot | the opening shots have been fired in a legal battle over repairs.

■ an attempt to hit a target by shooting. Syn: a try.

He asked me if I would like to have a shot at a pheasant.

■ [with adj.] a person with a specified level of ability in shooting.

Roy was a very good shot.

■ a critical or hostile remark Paul tried one last shot-“You realize what you want will cost more money?”

2) a hit, stroke, or kick of the ball in sports such as football, tennis, or golf. Syn: hit, blow, hit, smash, stroke.

His partner pulled off a winning backhand shot.

■ an attempt to score a goal.

He took a shot that the goalie stopped.

■ an attempt to do something.

Several of the competitors will have a shot at the all-round title.

3) (same) a ball of stone or metal used as a missile shot from a large gun or cannon.

■ (also lead shot) [mass noun] tiny lead pellets used in quantity in a single charge or cartridge in a shotgun.

■ a heavy ball thrown by a shot-putter.

4) a photograph a group shot of all the family.

■ a film sequence photographed continuously by one camera.

The movie’s opening shot is of a character walking across a featureless landscape.

■ [mass noun] the range of a camera’s view.

A prop man was standing just out of shot.

5) a small drink of spirits.

He took a shot of whisky.

■ an injection of a drug or vaccine | a shot of impure heroin.

6) [usu. with modifier] the launch of a space rocket | a moon shot.

- give it one’s best shot

- like a shot

- a shot in the arm – a stimulus

- a shot in the dark. Origin: Old English sc(e)ot, gesc(e)ot of Germanic origin; related to German Geschoss, from the base of the verb shoot

b) Participle II

1. Past and past participle of shoot.

2. 1) (of coloured cloth) woven with a warp and weft of different colours, giving a contrasting effect.

When looked at from different angles a dress of shot silk.

■ interspersed with a different colour | dark hair shot with silver

■ (shot through with) suffused with (a particular feature or quality)

The mist was shot through with orange spokes of light.

2) ruined or worn out

A completely shot engine will put you out of the race | my nerves are shot.

- shot to pieces

3. [in sing.] , dated a bill or one’s share of it, especially in a pub.

He had paid her shot. Origin: late Middle English: from shot 1; compare with Old English scēotan “shoot, pay, contribute” and scot.

Queer (adj, n, v)

a) Adjective (especially as an adjective or noun modifier, as in queer rights; queer-bashing) and at present exists alongside the other, deliberately offensive use. Syn: strange, unusual, odd, eccentric, weird, bizarre; suspicious, dubious.

1) strange; odd. A queer fish.

She had a queer feeling that they were being watched

■ [predic.], dated slightly ill. To feel queer.

2) offensive (of a man) homosexual

b) Noun offensive a homosexual man

c) Verb [with obj.] spoil or ruin (an agreement, event, or situation)

Reg didn't want someone meddling and queering the deal at the last minute

D) in Queer Street

- queer someone's pitch Derivatives: queerish, queerly, queerness. Origin: early 16^th cent.: considered to be from German quer “oblique, perverse”, but the origin is doubtful

Usage: The word queer was first used to mean “homosexual” in the early 20^th century: it was originally, and usually still is, a deliberately offensive and aggressive term when used by heterosexual people. In recent years, however, gay people have taken the word queer and deliberately used it in place of gay or homosexual, in an attempt, by using the word positively, to deprive it of its negative power. This use of queer is now well established and widely used among gay people.

Date: 2016-03-03; view: 1043