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Compensatory and adjustment processes. 1 page# Life cycle of a cell includes the process of DNA autoreduplication. As a result of it monochromatid chromosomes turn into bichromatid ones. What period of cell cycle does this phenomenon fall into? G1 @S G2 Go M A 23-years-old patient got a lesion of the liver because of trauma. In time a structure and functions of that organ was restored completely. What kind of regeneration did occur in that case? @Restitution Pathologic regeneration Physiologic regeneration Metaplasia Substitution # Some time after traumatic destruction of liver it has restored its structure and function. What is the name for such regeneration? Substitution Incomplete Pathological regeneration Usual physiological regeneration @Restitution # A 42-year-old man had a lower extremity amputation. After a while painful knots appeared in a stump. Microscopical investigation revealed amputation neuromas. What pathology such changes are characteristic for? @ Pathological regeneration Complete reparative regeneration Inflammation Incomplete reparative regeneration Metaplasia # A pathological process in bronchi resulted in epithelium desquamation. What cells will regenerate bronchial epithelium? Ciliate Intercalary Goblet Endocrinal @Basal # Histological examination in the area of neck of fundus gland reveals small cells that have high nuclear-cytoplasmatic ratio and basophilic cytoplasm. Name the function of these cells: Secretion of chlorine ions Endocrine @Regeneration of glandular epithelium Pepsinogen secretion Protective # Histological examination in the area of cervix of a fundic gland reveals small cells that have high nuclear-cytoplasmatic ratio and basophilic cytoplasm. What is the function of these cells? Pepsinogen secretion @Regeneration of glandular epithelium Protective Secretion of chlorine ions Endocrinal # Patient with injured muscles of the lower extremities was admitted to the traumatological department. Due to what cells is reparative regeneration of the muscle fibers and restoration of the muscle function possible? Myofibroblasts Myoblasts @Satellite-cells Fibroblasts Myoepithelial cells # During road accident at the man of 30 years the femoral artery has been injured. In hospital the arteriorraphy was performed. Regeneration of what muscle tissue is necessary for regeneration of a wholeness of the vessel`s tunica media? @Smooth muscle tissue Striated sceletal muscle tissue Striated cardiac muscle tissue Myoepithelial cells Satellite cells # A patient underwent Caesarean section. During the operation a long incision was made in the uterus wall and the fetus was extracted from uterus. Healing of the sutured myometrium will proceed in the following way: Hypertrophy of smooth myocytes @Formation of a fibrous cicatrix Proliferation of myosatellitocytes Formation of smooth muscular tissue Formation of cross-striated muscle fibers # In course of an experiment a big number of stem cells of red bone marrow were in some way destructed. Regeneration of which cell populations in the loose connective tissue will be inhibited? Pericytes Pigment cells Lipocytes Fibroblasts @Macrophags # A routine H&E histologic section from an irregular white area within the anterior wall of the heart of a 71-year-old man who died secondary to ischemic heart disease reveals the myocytes to be replaced by diffuse red material. This material stains blue with a trichrome stain. Which of the following statements correctly describes this material? It is secreted by endothelial cells and links macromolecules to integrins @It is secreted by fibroblasts and has a high content of glycine and hydroxyproline It is secreted by hepatocytes and is mainly responsible for intravascular oncotic pressure It is secreted by monocytes and contains a core protein that is linked to mucopolysaccharides It is secreted by plasma cells and is important in mediating humoral immunity # A 47-year-old man presents with pain in the midportion of his chest. The pain is associated with eating and swallowing food. Endoscopic examination reveals an ulcerated area in the lower portion of his esophagus. Histologic section of tissue taken from this area reveal an ulceration of the esophageal mucosa that is filled with blood, fibrin, proliferating blood vessels, and proliferating fibroblasts. Mitoses are easily found, and most of the cells have prominent nucleoli. Which of the following statements best describes this ulcerated area? Caseating granulomatous inflammation Dysplastic epithelium @Granulation tissue Squamous cell carcinoma Noncaseating granulomatous inflammation # In an experiment, surgical wound sites are observed following suturing. An ingrowth of new capillaries is observed to occur within the first week. A substance elaborated by macrophages is found at the wound site to stimulate this capillary proliferation. Which of the following substances is most likely to have this function? Platelet-derived growth factor Phospholipase C-gamma Fibronectin @Basic fibroblast growth factor Epidermal growth factor # A chemical burn of esophagus caused it's local constriction as a result of scar formation. What cells of loose connective tissue take part in scar formation? Immature nonspecialized fibroblasts Fibroclasts Mature specialized fibroblasts @Fibrocytes Miofibroblasts # At the time of a laparoscopic cholecystectomy, the small incisions are closed with sutures. Over the next several weeks, the wounds regain tensile strength and there is re-epithelialization. Of the following substances, the one that functions intracellularly in cells involved in this process is: Fibronectin Laminin Tyrosine kinase Hyaluronic acid @Collagen # A 19-year-old man incurs a stab wound to the chest. The wound is treated in the emergency room. Two months later there is a firm, 3x2 cm nodular mass with intact overlying epithelium in the region of the wound. On examination the scar is firm, but not tender, with no erythema. This mass is excised and microscopically shows fibroblasts with abundant collagen. Which of the following mechanisms has most likely produced this series of events? @Hypertrophic scar (keloid) formation Development of a fibrosarcoma Poor wound healing from diabetes mellitus Foreign body response from suturing Staphylocccal wound infection # A 40-year-old man has a keloid scar after a treatment of the left arm burn. This process may be an example of: @Pathologic regeneration Hyperplasia Metaplasia Reparative regeneration Vicarious hypertrophy # Microscopical investigation of tissue from the edge of a chronic gastric ulcer showed necrosis, granulation tissue, abundant development of connective tissue and metaplasia of epithelium. What type of pathology takes place in that case? @Pathological regeneration with disorder of phases Hypertrophy Physiology regeneration Reparative regeneration (substitution) Reparative regeneration (restitution) # A 45-year-old patient complains about pain and haemorrhage from carious cavity 36 during her meal. During an examination of 36: on the chewing surface there is deep carious cavity, covered by red-coloured tissue. While probing, pain and haemorrhage occur. What kind of tissue grew into the carious cavity? Fibrous @Granulative Adiposal Epithelial Muscle # A 59-year-old man has signs of the parenchymatous jaundice and portal hypertension. On histological examination of the puncture of the liver bioptate, it was revealed: beam-lobule structure is affected, part of hepatocytes has signs of fat dystrophy, port-portal connective tissue septa with formation of pseudo-lobules,with periportal lympho-macrophage infiltrations. What is the most probable diagnosis? Viral hepatitis Alcohol hepatitis Chronic hepatosis @Liver cirrhosis Toxic dystrophy # A child was diagnosed to have fracture of humerus. The broken arm began retarding in growth. What part of the bone was damaged? Apophysis Epiphysis @Metaphysis Marrow canal Diaphysis # The symptoms of regeneration process (callus) on the place of fracture were revealed in the histologic specimen of tubular bone. What tissue forms this structure? Loose connective tissue Reticular tissue Epithelial tissue Lamellar bone tissue @Fibrous bone tissue # Examination of a histological specimen of tubular bone revealed signs of regeneration process (callus). What tissue is this structured formed of? Lamellar osseous Loose connective @Rough fibrous osseous Reticular Epithelial # 45 year-old male several months ago have had accidental fracture of the backbone with spinal cord damage. All these month he has lied supine. What change in his muscles will develops? @Metaplasia Atrophy Hyperplasia Hypertrophy Cell injury # A 43-year-old man has complained of mild burning substernal or epigastric pain following meals for the past 3 years. Upper Gl endoscopy is performed and biopsies are taken of an erythematous area of the lower esophageal mucosa 3 cm above the gastroesophageal junction. There is no mass lesion, no ulceration, and no haemorrhage noted. The biopsies demonstrate the presence of columnar epithelium with goblet cells. Which of the following mucosal alterations is most likely represented by these findings? Dysplasia Hyperplasia Carcinoma Ischemia @Metaplasia # An elderly man with a long history of smoking presented with a cough accompanied by viscid mucous sputum, weakness after the insignificant physical activity and pale color of the skin. He lost 12,0 kg of weight for the last two months. Microscopical investigation of endoscopic biopsy showed squamous cell carcinoma. What pathology preceded the tumor formation? @ Metaplasia Hypoplasia Hyperplasia Necrosis Sclerosis # A man, who abused nicotine smoking obtained following changes of his lungs: microscopically mucous membrane of bronchi is made of non-cornifying multilayer epithelia. What is the name for the process in the lungs? Hyperplasia Hypertrophy Regeneration @Metaplasia Organisation # The biopsy of central bronchus mucosa of miner is taken. Microscopically, there is a transformation of a cylindrical epithelium to the mature stratified one. What pathology such changes are characteristic for? @Metaplasa Hyperplasia Leucoplakia Dysphasia Reparative regeneration # At a patient with chronic bronchitis biopsy of bronchus mucous membrane was taken. Microscopical investigation revealed the areas of "stratified epithelium without keratinization. What pathology takes place in the mucous membrane of bronchus? @Metaplasia Atrophy Hyperplasia Dysplasia - # A 60-year-old man has a history of chronic bronchitis. Histological investigation of bronchus biopsy showed thinned mucous membrane, cystic transformation of mucous glands, and replacement of prismatic epithelium on stratified one. What of the listed pathological processes the most likely? @ Metaplasia Hyperplasia Heterotopia Heteroplasia Displasia # Chronic inflammation and transformation of the one-layer ciliated epithelium into multiple-layers flat epithelium was revealed in the thickened mucous membrane of the bronchus bioptate of the patient with smoke abuse. Which of the processes is the most likely? @Metaplasia Epithelium hypertrophy Squamous cancer Hyperplasia of the epithelium Leucoplacia # At the man with long history of smoking the bronchial biopsy is taken. Microscopical investigation showed the thickened mucous membrane with chronic inflammation and transformation of ciliated epithelium into stratified one. What pathology such changes are characteristic for? @Metaplasia Hyperplasia of epithelium Planocellular cancer Leukoplakia Hypertrophy of epithelium # A patient is an evil-smoker. In the biopsy material from the left bronchus, in the thickened mucous membrane was revealed a chronic inflammation and a transformation of simple ciliated epithelium into stratified squamous one. What process is meant? Hyperplasia @Metaplasia Squamous cell carcinoma Leukoplakia Hypertrophy # An autopsy study is performed to identify predisposing risks for tissue changes in which epithelial metaplasia occurred. In which of the following situations is the process of epithelial metaplasia most likely to have occurred? Tanning of the skin following sunlight exposure Lactation following pregnancy Vitamin adeficiency Acute myocardial infarction @Urinary obstruction from an enlarged prostate # During the histological examination of the fragment of mucous membrane of urine bladder of the patient suffered with chronic cystitis it was found out: the transitional epithelium focally is replaced by stratified non-keratinized epithelium. These changes can manifest development of: @Metaplasia Dysplasia Leukoplakia Hyperkeratosis Hyperplasia # At a patient with a chronic cystitis biopsy of urinary bladder mucosa was taken. Microscopical investigation revealed a transitional epithelium with foci of stratified epithelium without keratinization. What process underlies the described changes in an epithelium? @Metaplasia Dystrophy Hyperplasia Dysplasia Hyperkeratosis # The biopsy of a vaginal portion of uterus cervix is taken. There is an augmentation of quantity of cells, rising of mitotic activity and alteration of polarity of cells in basal part of an epithelial layer. What pathology such changes are characteristic for? @Dysplasia Metaplasia Atrophy Acantosis Hyperplasia # In a clinical study, patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy are followed to document the post-surgical wound healing process. The small incisions are closed with sutures. Over the 4 weeks following surgery, the wounds are observed to regain tensile strength and there is re-epithelialization. Name this type of wound healing? @By primary intention By secondary intention Under scab Defects epithelial shutting Scarring # A patient ill with diabetes mellitus went through an operation on account of abscess in the area of posterior part of his neck. The wound healing lasted for a month and a half; the wound constantly discharged pus. On the site of the healed wound there appeared an irregular scar. In what way did the wound healing take place? @By secondary intention Under the crust By primary intention By epithelization By combined intention # A patient has deep lacerated wound with uneven margins, covered with pus. Marginal parts are filled with rich granulating tissue that does not rise above the wound level. Name the form of the wound healing. Organization Healing by first intention Healing under eschar Immediate closing of the epithelial tissue’ defect @Healing by second intention # A patient has deep torn wound with uncertain edges, covered with pus. In terminal areas there is juicy granular tissue, which does not bulge above the wound. Name the wound healing process. Primary tension healing @Secondary tension healing Healing underneath a slough Direct epithelia defection closure Wound organisation # A 20-year-old woman sustains an injury to her right calf in a mountain biking accident near Moab. On physical examination she has a 5 cm long laceration on the right lateral aspect of her lower leg. This wound is closed with sutures. Name possible wound healing? By primary intention @By secondary intention Under scab Defects epithelial shutting Scarring # An injury is sustained to the right calf of a 20-year-old woman involved in a mountain biking accident near Moab. There is a 5-cm long laceration noted on examination. This wound is closed with sutures. Wound healing over the next week will be delayed the LEAST by: @Wound infection Poor tissue perfusion Sutures Corticosteroid therapy Hypoalbuminemia # The microscopic examination of wound lavage of a patient with acute woundy process of his shin revealed big contents of irregular extended-formed cells, with tough nucleus, the basophilic cytoplasm of which includes many lysosomes, phagosomes and pinocytotic bubbles. What cells are found out in the wound? Tissue basophils @Connective tissue macrophages Fibrocytes Fibroblasts Plasmocytes # A 31-year-old woman has a laparotomy performed for removal of an ovarian cyst. She recovers uneventfully, with no complications. At the time of surgery, a 12 cm long midline abdominal incision was made. When you advise this patient of the outcome of this healing process, you indicate that nearly all of the tensile strength to be obtained in wound healing in the skin will be most likely be achieved within which of the following time periods? One week One month @Three months Six months One year # A 20-year-old woman had Goodpasture syndrome which progressed to chronic renal failure. She was 165 cm tad and weighed 55 kg. She had blood pressure measurements in the range of 150/90 to 180/110 mm Hg, but she did not regularly take medications. Laboratory studies showed her blood urea nitrogen was over 100 mg/dL. She required chronic dialysis. She died from heart failure. At autopsy, her heart weighed 540 gm. The size of her heart is most likely to be the result of which of the following processes involving the myocardial fibers? @Hypertrophy Fatty infiltration Hyperplasia Fatty degeneration Edema # In course of a preventive examination of a miner a doctor revealed changes of cardiovascular fitness which was indicative of cardiac insufficiency at the compensation stage. What is the main proof of cardiac compensation? Cyanosis @Hypertrophy Dyspnea Tachycardia Rise of arterial pressure # During the preventive examination of a miner a doctor revealed changes in cardiovascular fitness being evidence of cardiac insuffisiency at a stage of compensation. What is the main evidence of compensation of cardiac activity? @Myocardium hypertrophy Dyspnea Tachycardia Cyanosis Rise of arterial pressure # A 62-yer-old male died at the hospital after developing heart failure. At autopsy the weight of the heart was 500gm, with thickened right ventricular wall and dilated chamber. Name the alteration at the right ventriculum. @Hypertrophy Hyperplasic alteration due to inflammation Metaplasia Atrophy Sclerosis # A patient, who died of lung-cardiac failure, has his heart increased in size, right ventricle wall is thickened, and cavity is dilated. Name the pathological process. Sclerosis Hyperplastic growth due to inflammation Metaplasia Atrophy @Hypertrophy # Dystrophic changes of the heart muscle are accompanied with cardiac cavity enlargement, decrease of the strength of heart contraction, increased amount of blood, which remains in the heart during systolic phase, overfilled veins. For what state of heart is it characteristic? Tonogenic dilatation Emergency stage of hyperfunction and hypertrophy @Myogenic dilatation Cardiosclerosis Tamponage of the heart # During the section of a 57-year old man, who had hypertensive disease and died of cardiac decompensation, an enlarged heart with dilated cavities was diagnosed (mass – 550g, thickness of the left ventricle wall – 2,5cm). Microscopically: cardiomyocytes were enlarged in size with lipoid dystrophy and hyperchromic barrel nuclei. What is the most possible pathological process? Myocarditis @Eccentric hypertrophy Concentric hypertrophy Angiogenic cardiosclerosis Cardiomyopathy # A 48-year-old patient with a history of a hypertensive disease died of heart failure. An autopsy revealed an enlarged heart with dilated chambers. A thickness of the left ventricle wall was 2,5cm. Microscopically myocardial cells were considerably enlarged, with fatty dystrophy and hyperchromic barrel-shaped nuclei. What is the most likely pathology diagnosed in a heart? @Excentric hypertrophy Myocarditis Concentric hypertrophy Angiogenic cardiosclerosis Cardiomyopathy # The lifestyle patterns of healthy persons from 20 to 30 years of age are studied. A subset of these persons have a lifestyle characterized by consumption of a lot of pizza and very little physical exercise. Which of the following tissue changes is most likely to develop in this subset of persons as a consequence of this lifestyle? Fatty metamorphosis of liver Pancreatic fat necrosis Fatty degeneration of myocardium @Hypertrophy of steatocytes Metaplasia of muscle to adipose tissue # Young woman died after the labour in the case of sepsis.On the autopsy uterus has 22x17x10 sm in size, 1200 gramm in mass,microscopically it is detected the enlargement of the volume of the smoth muscle fibers,hypertrophy of the nuclei. @Hormonal hypertrophy Working hypertrophy Vicary hypertrophy Pathologic hypertrophy Protective hypertrophy # A 59-year-old patient with a history of prostate glandular hyperplasia operated in the urology. An operation revealed a thickening of a urinary bladder wall up to 1 cm. It may be caused by: @Work hypertrophy Vicarious hypertrophy Hormonal hypertrophy Hormonal hyperplasia Protective hyperplasia # An elderly man died of cardiac insufficiency. Twenty years ago he had the right lung pulmonectomy because of a cyst. A post-mortem revealed an enlarged left lung. Diagnose pathology in the left lung. @Vicarious hypertrophy Neurohumoral hypertrophy Dysfunctional atrophy Dyscirculatory atrophy Neurotic atrophy # A man had the right lung pulmonectomy because of a tumor 7 years ago. Then the volume of the left lung increased on 40%. What process developed in the left lung? @Vicarious hypertrophy Neurohumoral hypertrophy False hypertrophy Work hypertrophy Hypertrophic vegetation # A patient had been performed a resection of his right lung because of neoplasm. Some time after volume of his left lung increased by 50%. What's the name of the process in the left lung? @Vicar hypertrophy Neurohumoral hypertrophy False hypertrophy Working hypertrophy Hypertrophic growth # A 42-year-old woman presented to the gynecologist with acyclic, profuse hemorrhagic discharge. A histological investigation of a curettage material revealed increased quantity of glands and their cystic dilation. What is the most likely diagnosis? @ Endometrial hyperplasia Endometrial atrophy Endometrial hypertrophy Metaplasia Organization # Pathohistologic examination of endometrium of 58 year-old female who suffers to alternate bleeding and amenorrhea has revealed: the amounts of endometrial glands as well as stroma cells are increased. What is the name of this condition of endometrium? Metaplasia Neoplasia @Hyperplasia Hypertrophy Inflammation # A histological investigation of an endometrium revealed coiled extended glands with 'saw-' and a 'spin-like' pattern. A stromal proliferation with hyperplasia of its cells was also determined. What is the most likely diagnosis? @ Glandular hyperplasia of endometrium Acute endometritis Leiomyoma Hydatidiform mole Placental polyp # A woman suffered with dysfunctional metrorrhagia was made a diagnostic abortion. Histologically in the scrape there were a lot of small stamped glandulars covered by multirowed epithelium. The lumens of some glandulars were cystically extended. Call the variant of general pathologic process in the endometrium. @Glandular-cystic hyperplasia of endometrium Atrophy of endometrium Metaplasia of endometrium Neoplasm of endometrium Hypertrophic growth # A 38-year-old woman presented with complaints about the frequent uterine bleeding. The diagnostic curettage was performed. A histological investigation of a curettage material revealed increased quantity of coiled glands, some of them were with cystic dilation. What pathology these changes are characteristic for? @ Glandular-cystic hyperplasia Atrophy Metaplasia Dysplasia Hypertrophic vegetations # Diagnostic scraping was performed to the woman with dysfunctional uterine bleeding. Multiple convoluted glands, ganglially dilated lumens of some glands were revealed histologically in the scrape. Name the type of general pathological process in endometry: Hypertrophic excrescence Displasia Metaplasia Atrophy @Hyperplasia glandulocystica # At the histological examination of a smear from uterine mucosa of a 45-year-old woman who had a disordered ovario-menstrual cycle, there was determined an increased amount of endometrial glands, some of them were saw like anfractuous, others – cystic-widened. Diagnose the disease. @Glandular-cystic hyperplasia of endometrium Placental polyp Atypical hyperplasia of endometrium Glandular polyp of endometrium Adenocarcinoma of endometrium # Diagnostic scraping was performed to the woman with dysfunctional uterine bleeding. Multiple convoluted glands, ganglially dilated cavities of some glands were revealed histologically in the scrape. Name the type of general pathological process. Displasia Hypertrophic excrescence Metaplasia @Glandulo-gangliac hyperplasia Atrophy # 78 year-old male has complained the retention of urine, intermittent oligouria and incomplete urination. After examination the enlargement of prostate and compression of urethra were revealed. What process led to age-related enlargement of prostate: Metaplasia Atrophy @Hyperplasia Hypertrophy Neoplasia # A 19-year-old woman gives birth to her first child. She begins breast feeding the infant. She continues breast feeding for almost a year with no difficulties and no complications. Which of the following cellular processes that occurred in the breast during pregnancy allowed her to nurse the infant for this period of time? Stromal hypertrophy Epithelial dysplasia Steatocyte atrophy Ductal epithelial metaplasia @Lobular hyperplasia # Histologic sections of an enlarged tonsil from a 9-year-old girl reveal an increased number of reactive follicles containing germinal centers with proliferating B lymphocytes. Which of the following terms best describes this pathologic process? Date: 2016-03-03; view: 2498
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