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Exercise 5. Cirle the stressed syllable in each of the underlined words.

a. The reporter was accused of unprofessional conduct.

b. The government is to conduct an enquiry into the incident.

c. The rules of the club do not permit smoking.

d. You can’t work here without a work permit.

e. She was found dead in her apartment, and the police suspect murder.

f. The police have arrested two suspects.

g. They refused to buy the company’s goods in protest against the way it treated its workers.

h. There was a large crowd in the square, protesting against the war.

COMPREHENSION CHECK

Exercise 1. Answer the following questions.

a. What is the origin of the writ of habeas corpus?

b. What does the phrase “the writ of habeas corpus” mean?

c. What procedures that made for effective assertion of people’s rights were provided by the Habeas Corpus Act of 1679?

d. How did the Habeas Corpus bill become a law?

Exercise 2. Do you agree and disagree with the following statements?

a. The writ of habeas corpus is a device for the protection of personal liberty against official authority.

b. Habeas corpus proceedings may be employed to obtain release of the accusedprior to trial on the ground that the bail set is excessive.

c. The writ may also be employed in a wide variety of situations not involving criminal proceedings.

Exercise 3. Explain and extend the following statements.

a. An essential safeguard of personal liberty is the writ of habeas corpus.

b. In the British colonies in North America, by the time of the American

c. Revolution, the rights to habeas corpus were popular regarded as among the basic protections of individual liberty.

d. The United States Constitution (Article 1, Section 9) says: “The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended, unless when in cases of rebellion or invasion the public safety may require it.”

DISCUSS

Speak on the current uses of habeas corpus in Europe and the United States.


Unit 2

IMPORTANT CONCEPTS OF CONTEMPORARY LAW

2.1 What is law?

There is but one law for all, namely, that law which

Governs all law, the law of our Creator, the law of

humanity, justice, equity – the law of nature, and

Of nations.

Edmund Burke 1729-1797

Law can affect many aspects of our lives, yet most people living in England and Wales have little understanding of thelegal system that operates in these countries. For many their main awareness comes from newspaper articles with headlines such as ‘Murderer jailed for life’; ‘Young offender goes free’; ‘Burglar caught’. This type of headline appears so frequently that it is not surprising that, when law is mentioned, many people only think of the criminal lawand the courts that deal with this type of case.In reality law covers an enormous range of situations and the legal system in England and Wales has a variety of courts and methods for dealing with different types of cases.

Law exists to ensure that civilized life is possible: Law ensures that individual citizens can go about their daily business without being attacked or robbed, and that society can set up institutions which will be respected by the individual. To do this, the government provides the legal machine with the weapons of compulsion: police to enforce the law and catch those who break it, courts to establish guilt and innocence, and prisons to punish offenders. (compulsion).



Government itself is defined by constitutional law. In Britain some of the most fundamental laws of the constitution are traditional rather than being written down, but there is also a mass of written laws covering how the British are governed, both centrally and by local authorities. (the constitution).

As individuals we want to be able to make private arrangements between ourselves, secure in the knowledge that if others break their word, we will be compensated for our loss. We want to make sure that other people cannot spoil our enjoyment of our property or hurt us physically by their carelessness – and that if they do we can get them to stop or be compensated. Law provides a framework within which we can protect ourselves in this way. (a framework)

To achieve all these things we need a law that is consistent and consistently applied. So, we need a legal system that is capable of applying law fairly and consistently and amending and interpreting it so that it can deal with new and changing circumstances. (a system).

The word ‘law’ suggests the idea of rules; rules affecting the lives and activities of people. In any community or group, rules made by people will develop to control the relationships between members. The rules come into existence in varying ways, although in most cases there must have been an agreement between at least some of the members of the community that the rule was desirable. When people having power in the community enforce the rule, then that rule will acquire the status of a ‘law’ in the generally accepted meaning of the word.


Date: 2016-01-14; view: 1221


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