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Consequently, as a result, etc.Because, as, since Because, as, and since have similar meanings; they show the reason or cause of something. They come before a clause:
There is almost no difference in meaning between because, as and since, but because can emphasise the reason more strongly. As and since assume that the reason is obvious: I’ll do it because I want to, not because you asked me to. As/Since everyone is here, we can begin. (= It is obvious) We use only because when we answer with a clause on its own: ‘Why are you late?’ ‘Because I missed the bus!’ Because of, owing to, etc. Because of, owing to, on account ofanddue to show the reason or cause of something. They come before a noun (phrase), not a clause:
They came here looking for work becausethe wages are higher. (= because + clause) We use because of much more often than the others. Owing to is more formal than because of. Owing to lack of money, the project will not continue next year. Due to often comes after the verb be: The crash was due to bad weather. Owing to cannot come after the verb be. We use due to:
The accident was due to human error. On account of often means ‘because of a problem or difficulty’: He can’t run very fast on account of his asthma. As a result ofoften means ‘because of something that has already happened’: As a result of the pilots strike, all flights have had to be cancelled. We use thanks to to say that something, usually good, has happened: Thanks to Ron and his car, we’ve managed to get all the deliveries done on time. In order to, so as to We use in order toandso as to before a verb which expresses the purpose of an action. In order toandso as to can be more emphatic than to alone: She went on a diet in order to lose weight. She went on a diet so as to lose weight. She went on a diet to lose weight. We can use the negative forms in order not toandso as not to, but we cannot use not toon its own:
She went on a diet in order not to be fat. She went on a diet so as not to be fat.
In order that, so (that), etc. We use in order thatandso (that)before a clause expressing purpose. The clause contains a modal verb:
Consequently, as a result, etc. We can use consequently, as a resultandbecause of that to express the result of an action mentioned earlier. When we use them at the beginning of a sentence, they are followed by a comma: We talked until the early hours of the morning. Consequently,/As a result,/Because of that, I overslept. We use so in mid position to introduce a result. We do not put a comma after it: She couldn’t eat meat so she just had vegetables. So or sinceCompare so and since.
Sinceit’s his birthday on Monday, he’s having a party. It’s his birthday on Monday sohe’s having a party. Practice (p. 53-54) I. Underline the correct link word or phrase. 1 I phoned because /since I need to speak to you. 2 Since /Because the rain has stopped, we can go back in the garden. 3 Because of/Because the bus was late, I missed the meeting. 4 We took a taxi in order not to/not to be late. 5 The traffic jam is due to /owing to major roadworks. 6 Emma came first on account of/as a result of all her hard work. 7 I'm going by bus in order to/owing to save costs. 8 I'll reply by e-mail so that/consequently he can buy the ticket today. 9 She didn't water the plants, since /so they died. 10 We'll join the euro because /because of that our economy will improve.
II. Fill in each space in these sentences with a suitable link word or phrase. More than one answer may be possible. 1 Sandra's upset and it's all..................to your behaviour. 2 Prices have risen..................of an increase in demand. 3 The 15.30 train to Sheffield has been cancelled..................to circumstances beyond our control. 4 .................. understand how the human body works, you need some knowledge of chemistry. 5 ..................there was no food in the house we rang for a pizza. 6 The vase was put on top of the cupboard.................. it would not get broken. 7 I was scared when I walked home..................the street was so dark. 8 .................. milk is so good for you, why don't you drink more of it? 9 I didn't go.................. I don't want to leave you alone. 10 She started to use e-mail.................. that she could send messages more quickly. 11 I caught the plane in order that I could get there on time but in the end it took longer as a..................of delays. 12 The bank refused to give the company another loan..................., it went bankrupt.
III. Read the text below and look carefully at each line. Some of the lines are correct, and some have a word which should not be there. If a line is correct, put a (v). If a line has a word which should not be there, write the word. The first two have been done as examples. A letter of apology. 0 I am writing in order to apologise for my behaviour v 00 last weekend. First of all, I arrived late because of I of 1 wanted to avoid getting to there too early and … 2 causing you any inconvenience. As for everyone else … 3 had decided to arrive on time, I was the last to arrive, which … 4 must have been looked rather impolite but I assure you it was all … 5 because of being good intentions. I also thought the party was going to … 6 be informal so as I wore jeans. As a result, I must have looked … 7 rather too odd. I would also like to explain why I hardly ate any … 8 food all evening. As of I'm a vegetarian, I was … 9 unable to enjoy the delicious food you and your wife had prepared. … 10 Since that it has been years since I ate meat, I do hope you will … 11 appreciate my feelings on this. Moreover, I to regret asking … 12 you to put the cat out. This was due to that my allergy to cats. I sincerely … 13 hope it didn't catch cold as result of she being outside on such … 14 a chilly evening. Finally, owing that to carelessness on my part … 15 wine was spilt all over your carpet. I will do all I can in order for … to get it cleaned, whatever the cost.
Date: 2016-01-14; view: 3370
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