АМЕРИКА В МИРЕ: КОСМОПОЛИТ, ИМПЕРИЯ ИЛИ НАЦИЯ? 3 page

¹⁸⁷ Zelinsky, Nation into State, p. 204-5.

¹⁸⁸ Ibid., p. 202-3; O'Leary, To Die For, p. 201-24; Boleslaw Mastai and Marie-Louise D'Orange, The Stars and Stripes: The American Flag As Art and As History from the Birth of the Republic to the Present (New York: Knopf, 1973), p. 130, quoted in Zelinsky, Nation into State, p.202-3.

¹⁸⁹ O'Leary, To Die For, p. 233-234, citing Halter v. Nebraska 205 U. S. 34-46 and quoting Halter et at. v. State 105 Northwestern Reporter, p. 298-301.

¹⁹⁰ J. Hector St. John de Crevecoeur, Letters from an American Farmer and Sketches of 18^th-Century America (New York: Penguin, 1981), p. 68, 70; Israel Zangwill,The Melting Pot: A Drama in Four Acts (New York: Arno Press, 1975), p. 184.

¹⁹¹ Milton M. Gordon, Assimilation in American Life: The Role of Race, Religion, and National Origin (New York: Oxford University Press, 1964), p. 89; Michael Novak,Further

Reflections on Ethnicity (Middletown, PA: Jednota Press,1977),p.59.

¹⁹² Horace M. Kallen, The Structure of Lasting Peace: An Inquiry into the Motives of War and Peace (Boston: Marshall Jones Company, 1918), p. 31; Horace M. Kallen,Cultural Pluralism and the American Ideal: An Essay in Social Philosophy (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1956); Horace M. Kallen, Culture and Democracy in the United States: Studies in the Group Psychology of the American Peoples (New York: Boni and Liveright, 1924).

¹⁹³ Philip Gleason, Speaking of Diversity: Language and Ethnicity in Twentieth-Century America (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1992), p. 51.

¹⁹⁴ Randolph Bourne quoted in T. Alexander Aleinkoff, "A Multicultural Nationalism", American Prospect, no. 36 (January-February 1998), p. 81.

¹⁹⁵ Arthur Mann, The One and the Many: Reflections on the American Identity (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1979), p. 137, 142-47.

¹⁹⁶ Theodore Roosevelt quoted in Gordon, Assimilation in American Life, p. 122 from Edward N. Saveth, American Historians and European Immigrants, 1875-1925 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1948), p. 121.

¹⁹⁷ Robert A. Carlson, The Quest for Conformity: Americanization Through Education (New York: John Wiley,

1975), p. 6-7.

¹⁹⁸ Louis Brandeis, Address, Faneuil Hall, Boston, July 4, 1919, quoted in John J. Miller, The Unmaking of Americans (New York: Free Press, 1998).

¹⁹⁹ John F. McClymer, "The Federal Government and the Americanization Movement, 1915-1924", Prologue, 10 (Spring 1978), p. 24; Ronald Fernandez, "Getting Germans to Fight Germans: The Americanizers of World War I", The Journal of Ethnic Studies, 9 (Summer 1981), p. 61.

²⁰⁰ Carlson, The Quest for Conformity p. 113; Edward George Hartmann, The Movement to Americanize the Immigrant (New York: Columbia University Press 1948), p. 92; Henry Ford, quoted in Otis L. Graham and Elizabeth Koed, "Americanizing the Immigrant, Past and Future", The Social

Contract, 4 (Winter 1993-94), p. 101; Gerd Korman, Industrialization, Immigrants and Americanization (Madison: State Historical Society of Wisconsin, 1967), p. 147, 158-59; Higham, Strangers in the Land, p. 244-45.

²⁰¹ Higham, Strangers in the Land, p. 249.

²⁰² Carlson, The Quest for Conformity, p. 89-90.

²⁰³ John F. McClymer, "The Americanization Movement and the Education of the Foreign-Born Adult, 1914-25", in Bernard J. Weiss, ed., American Education and the European Immigrant, 1840-1940 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1992), p. 98; McClymer, "The Federal Government and the Americanization Movement, 1915-1924", p. 40; Hartmann, The Movement to Americanize the Immigrant, p. 64ff.

²⁰⁴ Miller, The Unmaking of Americans, p. 221, 223.

²⁰⁵ Carl F. Kaestle, Pillars of the Republic: Common Schools and American Society, 1780-1860 (New York: Hill & Wang 1983), p. 161-62.

²⁰⁶ Stephen Steinberg, The Ethnic Myth: Race, Ethnicity, and Class in America (New York: Atheneum, 1981), p. 54.

²⁰⁷ Joel M. Roitman, The Immigrants, the Progressives, and the Schools (Stark, KS: De Young Press 1996), p.l; McClymer", The Americanization Movement", p. 103; Miller, The Unmaking of Americans, p. 49; Roitman, The Immigrants, the Progressives, and the Schools, p. 51-52; Carlson, The Quest for Conformity, p. 114; Reed Ueda, "When Assimilation Was the American Way", Washington Post, 2 April 1995, p. R10.

²⁰⁸ Curti, Roots of American Loyalty, p. 223ff; Paul С Stern, "Why Do People Sacrifice for Their Nations?" Political Psychology, 16 (2, 1995), p. 223-24.

²⁰⁹ Robin M. Williams, Jr., American Society: A Sociological Interpretation (New York: Knopf, 1952), p. 527, quoted in Gleason, Speaking of Diversity, p. 175.

²¹⁰ Gleason, Speaking of Diversity, p. 175; Arthur A. Stein, The Nation at War (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1980), p. 92; Philip Gleason, "American Identity and Americanization", in Stephan Thernstrom, ed., Harvard Encyclopedia of American Ethnic Groups (Cambridge: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1980), p. 47; Albert

O. Hirschman, Journeys Toward Progress (New York: Twentieth Century Fund, 1963), p. 137. See also J.M. Winter, The Great War and the British People (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1986).

²¹¹ Hedrick Smith, The Russians (New York: Quadrangle New York Times Books 1976), p. 302-03.

²¹² Jack Citrin, Ernst B. Haas, Christopher С Muste, Beth Reingold, "Is American Nationalism Changing? Implications for Foreign Policy", International Studies Quarterly,38 (March 1994), p. 3-5.

²¹³ Robert D. Kaplan, "Fort Leavenworth and the Eclipse of Nationhood", Atlantic Monthly, 278 (September 1996), p. 75ff; Diana Schaub, "On the Character of Generation X", The Public Interest, 137 (Fall 1999), p. 23; George Lipsitz, "Dilemmas of Beset Nationhood: Patriotism, the Family, and Economic Change in the 1970s and 1980s", in Bodnar, ed., Bonds of Affection, p. 251ff; Walter Berns, "On Patriotism", The Public Interest, 127 (Spring 1997), p. 31; Peter H. Schuck, Citizens, Strangers, and In-Betweens: Essays on Immigration and Citizenship (Boulder: Westview Press, 1998), p. 163ff.

²¹⁴ Horace Kallen, quoted in Arthur Mann, The One and the Many: Reflections on the American Identity (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1979), p. 143-144; Michael Walzer, What It Means To Be An American (New York: Marsilio, 1992), p. 62.

²¹⁵ Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., The Disuniting of America (New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1992), p.43; Nathan Glazer, We Are All Multiculturalists Now (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1997).

²¹⁶ Gunnar Myrdal, An American Dilemma: The Negro Dilemma: The Negro Problem and Modern Democracy (New York: Harper, 1944), p. 4.

²¹⁷ Ralph Waldo Emerson, "Lecture on the Times", in Emerson, Prose Works (Boston: Fields, Osgood, 1870), vol. l,p. 149.

²¹⁸ Andrew Kull, The Color-Blind Constitution (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1992), p. 1-2, 146-148; U.S. Commission on Civil Rights, Equal Protection of the

Laws in Higher Education, 1960 (Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1960), p. 148.

²¹⁹ Senator Hubert Humphrey, 110 Congressional Record, 1964, p. 6548-49, quoted in Edward J. Erler, "The Future of Civil Rights: Affirmative Action Redivivus", Notre Dame Journal of Law, Ethics, and Public Policy, 11 (1997), p. 26.

²²⁰ Kull, Color-Blind Constitution, p. 202; Hugh Davis Graham, The Civil Rights Erea: Origins and Development of National Policy, 1960-1972 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1990), p. 150; Herman Belz, Equality Transformed: A Quarter Century of Affirmative Action (New Brunswick: Translation, 1991), p. 25; Nathan Glazer,Ethnic Dilemmas, 1964-1982 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1983), p. 162.

²²¹ Bayard Rustin, "From Protest to Politics: The Future of the Civil Rights Movement", Commentary, 39 (Feb. 1965), p. 27; Glazer, Ethnic Dilemmas, p. 161-162.

²²² Graham, Civil Rights Era, p. 250; Glazer, Ethnic Dilemmas, p. 262; Kull, Color-Blind Constitution, p. 200-203, quoting Labor Department regulations.

²²³ Kull, Color-Blind Constitution, p. 204-205; Belz, Equality Transformed, p. 51, 55

²²⁴ Kull, Color-Blind Constitution, p. 214-16.

²²⁵ Jack Citrin, "Affirmative Action in the People's Court", The Public Interest, 122 (Winter 1996), p. 46; Seymour Martin Lipset, "Affirmative Action and the American Creed", Wilson Quarterly, 16 (Winter 1992), p. 59.

²²⁶ Richard Kahlenberg, "Bob Dole's Colorblind Injustice", Washington Post National Weekly Edition, 10-16 June 1996, p. 24; Stephan Thernstrom and Abigail Thernstrom, America in Black and White: One Nation, Indivisible (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1997), p. 452; New York Times, 1 June 2001, p. A17.

²²⁷ Lieberman quoted in New York Times, 10 March 1995, p. A16; John Fonte, "Why There Is A Culture War: Gramsci and Tocqueville in America", Policy Review, 104 (December 2000 and January 2001), p. 21.

²²⁸ Connerly quoted in Fonte, "Why There Is A Culture War", p. 21; Ward Connerly, Creating Equal: My Fight

Against Race Preferences (San Francisco: Encounter Books, 2000), p. 228.

²²⁹ Seymour Martin Lipset, "Equal Chances versus Equal Results", Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 523 (September 1992), p. 66-67.

²³⁰ Lipset, "Affirmative Action and the American Creed", p. 58; Washington Post, 11 October 1995, p. A11; Citrin, "Affirmative Action in the People's Court", p. 43; William Raspberry, "What Actions are Affirmative?" Washington Post National Weekly Edition, 28 August-3 September, 1995, p. 28; Citrin, "Affirmative Action in the People's Court", p. 41.

²³¹ Citrin, "Affirmative Action in the People's Court", p. 43.

²³² Ibid.; Boston Globe, 30 April 1997, p. A19.

²³³ Thernstrom and Thernstrom, America in Black and White, p. 437; City of Richmond v. J. A. Croson Company, 488 U.S. 469 (1989).

²³⁴ Thernstrom and Thernstrom, America in Black and White, p. 456-459.

²³⁵ Washington Post/Kaiser Family Foundation /Harvard University, "Race and Ethnicity in 2001: Attitudes, Perceptions, and Experiences", (August 2001); Princeton Survey Research Associates poll, January 2003; Jennifer Barrett, "Newsweek Poll: Bush Loses Ground", Newsweek, 14 February 2003, online; Jonathan Chait, "Pol Tested",New Republic, 3 February 2003, p. 14.

²³⁶ Belz, Equality Transformed, p. 66-67; Daniel Bell, The Coming of Post-Industrial Society: A Venture in Social Forecasting (New York: Basic Books, 1973), p. 417; Thernstrom and Thernstrom, America in Black and White, p. 492.

²³⁷ Martinez in Miami Herald, 12 October 1988, cited in Raymond Tatalovich, Nativism Reborn?: The Official English Language Movement and the American States(Lexington, KY: University Press of Kentucky, 1995), p. 99.

²³⁸ Tatalovich, Nativism Reborn?, p. 1-2.

²³⁹ Unamuno quoted in Carlos Alberto Montaner, "Talk English—You Are in the United States", in James Crawford, ed., Language Loyalties (Chicago: University of Chicago

Press, 1992), p. 164; Karl W. Deutsch, Nationalism and Social Communication (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1966).

²⁴⁰ Immigration and Nationality Act, Title III, Chapter 2, Section 312, (8 U.S.C. 1423).

²⁴¹ 42 U. S. С 1973b (f), Pub. L. 94-73, 89 Stat. 400; Tatalovich, Nativism Reborn?, p. 105; James Crawford, Hold Your Tongue: Bilingualism and the Politics of "English Only" (Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1992), p. 272, n. 13; Washington Post, 14 November 2002, p. T3; Chicago Sun-Times, 2 May 1996, p. 29, 5 August 2002, p. 1.

²⁴² Asian American Business Group v. City of Pomona in Crawford, Language Loyalties, p. 284-287; Wall Street Journal, 21 August 1995, p. AS; Alexander v. Sandoval,532 U.S. 275 (2001), New York Times, 25 April 2001, p. A14.

²⁴³ Ruiz, et al. v. Hull, et al., 191 Ariz. 441, 957 P.2d 984 (1998); cert. denied, 11 January 1999.

²⁴⁴ Edward M. Chen, "Language Rights in the Private Sector" in Crawford, ed., Language Loyalties, p. 276-77.

²⁴⁵ James Crawford, Bilingual Education: History, Politics, Theory, and Practice (Trenton: Crane, 1989), p. 33; J. Stanley Pottinger, Office for Civil Rights, memorandum, 25 May 1970; Serna v. Portales Municipal Schools, 351 F. supp. 1279 (1972); Lau v. Nichols, 414 U.S. 563 (1974).

²⁴⁶ Crawford, Bilingual Education, p. 39; William J. Bennett, "The Bilingual Education Act: A Failed Path", in Crawford, ed., Language Loyalties, p. 361.

²⁴⁷ Time, 8 July 1985, p. 80-81.

²⁴⁸ Scheuer quoted in Bennett, "The Bilingual Education Act: A Failed Path" in James Crawford, ed., Language Loyalties, p. 361.

²⁴⁹ Badillo quoted in New York Post, 17 October 2000, p. 16.

²⁵⁰ Carol Schmid, "The English Only Movement: Social Bases of Support and Opposition among Anglos and Latinos", in Crawford, ed., Language Loyalties, p. 202.

²⁵¹ Jack Citrin, Donald Philip Green, Beth Reingold, Evelyn Walters, "The 'Official English' Movement", and the Symbolic Politics of Language in the United States",Western Political Quarterly, 43 (September 1990), p. 540-41; Camilo Perez-Bustillo, "What Happens When English Only Comes To

Town?: A Study of Lowell "Massachusetts", in Crawford, ed., Language Loyalties, p. 191-201.

²⁵² Citrin et. al., "The 'Official English' Movement", p. 548-52; Zogby International poll, 15-17 November and 10-13 December 1998.

²⁵³ Tatalovich, Nativism Reborn?, p. 85-88.

²⁵⁴ Ibid.,p. 114-122.

²⁵⁵ Ibid., p. 136-148,150-160.

²⁵⁶ Geoffrey Nunberg, "Linguists and the Official Language Movement", Language, 65 (September 1989), p. 581.

²⁵⁷ Boston Globe, 6 November 2002, p. A1.

²⁵⁸ Rocky Mountain News, 6 November 2002, p. 29A; Boston Globe, 10 November 2002, p. 10.

²⁵⁹ Schmid, "The English Only Movement", in James Crawford, ed., Language Loyalties, p. 203-5; Max J. Castro, "On the Curious Question of Language in Miami" in Ibid., p. 179; Peter Skerry, Mexican Americans: The Ambivalent Minority (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1993), p. 285; Jack Citrin, "Language Politics and American Identity", The Public Interest, 99 (Spring 1990), p. 104.

²⁶⁰ Steve Farkas, ed., A Lot to be Thankful For, (New York: Public Agenda, 1998).

²⁶¹ Boston Globe, 31 August 1997, p. A12; New York Times, 15 August 1997, p. A39; New York Times, 5 June 1998, p. A12; Glenn Garvin, "Loco, Completamente Loco: The Many Failures of 'Bilingual Education,'" Reason, 29 (January 1998), p. 20.

²⁶² James Counts Early, "Affirmations of a Multiculturalist", in Robert Royal, ed., Reinventing the American People: Unity and Diversity Today (Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdmans, 1995), p. 58; Clifford Orwin, "All Quiet on the (post)Western Front", The Public Interest, 123 (Spring 1996), p. 10.

²⁶³ Pamela L. Tiedt and Iris M. Tiedt, Multicultural Teaching: A Handbook of Activities, Information, and Resources (Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 3^rd ed., 1990), p. 7.

²⁶⁴ Mikulski quoted in Mann, The One and the Many, p. 29; Nathan Glazer and Daniel Patrick Moynihan, Beyond the Melting Pot (Cambridge, MA: M.I.T. Press, 1963), p. 16-17,290.

²⁶⁵ Mann, The One and the Many, p. 37, 38-39.

²⁶⁶ Stephen Steinberg, The Ethnic Myth: Race, Ethnicity, and Class in America (New York: Atheneum, 1981), p. 51.

²⁶⁷ Thaddeus V. Gromada, "Polish Americans and Multiculturalism", 4 January 1997, presidential address at meeting of Polish American Historical Association, in conjunction with American Historical Association, New York Hilton Hotel, New York City.

²⁶⁸ Betty Jean Craige, American Patriotism in a Global Society (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1996), p. 65-66.

²⁶⁹ Lilia I. Bartolome, "Introduction", in Alfonso Nava et al., Educating Americans in a Multicultural Society (New York: McGraw-Hill, 2^nd ed., 1994), p. v.

²⁷⁰ James A. Banks, Multiethnic Education: Theory and Practice (Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 1994), p. 3.

²⁷¹ Tiedt and Tiedt, Multicultural Teaching, p. xi.

²⁷² Sandra Stotsky, Losing Our Language (New York: Free Press, 1999), p. 59-62, reporting the research of Charlotte Iiams, "Civic Attitudes Reflected in Selected Basal Readers for Grades One Through Six Used in the United States from 1900-1970" (Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Idaho, 1980).

²⁷³ Paul Vitz, Censorship: Evidence of Bias in Our Children's Textbooks (Ann Arbor: Servant Books, 1986), p. 70-71; Nathan Glazer and Reed Ueda, Ethnic Groups in History Textbooks (Washington, D.C,: Ethics and Public Policy Center, 1983), p.15.

²⁷⁴ Robert Lerner, Althea K. Nagai, Stanley Rothman, Molding the Good Citizen: The Politics of High School History Texts (Westport: Praeger, 1995), p. 153, citing the study by Diana Ravitch and Chester E. Finn, What Do Our 17-Year-Olds Know? (New York: Harper and Row, 1987), p. 270-72; Stotsky, Losing our Language, p. 72-74,86-87,90, 294, n20.

²⁷⁵ Glazer, We Are All Multiculturalists Now, p. 83; Schlesinger, The Disuniting of America, p. 123; American Council of Turstees and Alumni, Inside Academe, 8 (Fall 2002), p. 1, 3, citing the council's report, Restoring America's

Legacy: The Challenge of Historical Literacy in the 21^st Century (2002).

²⁷⁶ Lerner, et al., Molding the Good Citizen, p. 153, citing U.S. News and World Report, 12 April 1993, p. 56; American Council of Trustees and Alumni, Newsletter, 18 December 2000, citing the council's report, Losing America's Memory: Historical Illiteracy in the 21^st Century (2000).

²⁷⁷ U.S. Immigration and Naturalization Service, 2000 Statistical Yearbook of the Immigration and Naturalization Service (Unpublished, selections available online athttp://www.ins.usdoj.gov/graphics/aboutins/statistics/ybpage.htm ).

²⁷⁸ Economist, 24 June 2000, p 63.

²⁷⁹ Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, Trends in International Migration: Continuous Reporting System on Migration, (2000 ed. Paris, France: OECD, 2001).

²⁸⁰ World Population Prospects: The 2000 Revision-Highlights, Annex Tables (28 February 2001) (United Nations Population Division).

²⁸¹ National Institute of Population and Social Security Research, Population Projections for Japan: 1996-2100 (1997).

²⁸² Ole Waever et al., Identity, Migration and the New Security Agenda in Europe, (London: Pinter, 1993), p. 23.

²⁸³ Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, Trends in International Migration, p. 304.

²⁸⁴ U.S. Immigration and Naturalization Service, 2000 Statistical Yearbook.

²⁸⁵ Milton M. Gordon, Assimilation in American Life (New York: Oxford University Press, 1964), p. 70-71.

²⁸⁶ Peter D. Salins, Assimilation, American Style (New York: Basic Books, 1997), p. 6, 48-49.

²⁸⁷ Gordon, Assimilation in American Life, p. 127, 244-45.

²⁸⁸ Will Herberg, Protestant Catholic Jew (Garden City: Doubleday, 1955), p. 33-34; George R. Stewart, American Ways of Life (New York: Doubleday, 1954), p. 23, cited in Gordon, Assimilation in American Life, p. 127—28.

²⁸⁹ Thomas Jefferson, Notes on Virginia, (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1954), p. 84-85.

²⁹⁰ Michael Piore, Birds of Passage: Migrant Labor and Industrial Societies (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979), p. 151.

²⁹¹ Gordon, Assimilation in American Life, p. 190; Thomas Sowell, Migrations and Cultures: A World View, (New York: Basic Books, 1996), p. 48. For an excellent overview and analysis of the successful assimilation of pre-World War II immigrants and their descendants, see Richard Alba and Victor Nee, Remaking the American Mainstream: Assimilation and Contemporary Immigration (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2003), chap. 3.

²⁹² Samuel P. Huntington, The Clash of Civilization and the Remaking of World Order (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1996), p. 264.

²⁹³ American Muslim Council, Zogby poll, released 28 August 2000.

²⁹⁴ Kambiz Ghanea Bassiri, Competing Visions of Islam in the United States: A Study of Los Angeles (Westport, СТ: Greenwood Press, 1997), p. 43-49.

²⁹⁵ Corey Michael Spearman, "The Clash of Civilizations in Dearborn, Michigan" (Term paper, Kalamazoo College, Michigan, March 2000), p. 7, quoting Abu Mustafa Al-Bansilwani, "There Has to Be a Better Way—and There Is!", Ummah, I (no. 1, 1999), p. 1-2.

²⁹⁶ Daniel Patrick Moynihan, "The Sonnet About the Statue of Liberty", New York, 19 May 1986), p. 58.

²⁹⁷ Sowell, Migrations and Cultures, p. 39-40; John С Harles, Politics in the Lifeboat: Immigrants and the American Democratic Order (Boulder: Westview Press, 1993), p. 99.

²⁹⁸ Henri Weber, quoted in The Economist, 12 February 2000, p. 20.

²⁹⁹ Oscar Handlin, The Uprooted (Boston: Little, Brown, 2nd ed., 1973) p. 272; Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., The Disuniting of America: Reflections on a Multicultural Society (New York: Norton, rev. ed., 1998), p. 17; Harles, Politics in the Lifeboat, p. 4.

³⁰⁰ Salins, Assimilation, American Style, p. 48-49; Josef Joffe, personal conversation.

³⁰¹ Piore, Birds of Passage: p. 149 ff.

³⁰² Roberto Suro, Strangers Among Us (New York: Knopf, 1998), p. 325.

³⁰³ Washington, Jefferson, Franklin quoted in Matthew Spalding, "From Pluribus to Unum", Policy Review, no. 67 (Winter 1994), p. 39-40.

³⁰⁴ Gordon, Assimilation in American Life, p. 132-33; Marcus Lee Hansen, The Immigrant in American History (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1940), p. 132; Heinz Kloss, The American Bilingual Tradition (Rowley, MA: Newbury House, 1977), p. 128; Will Kymlicka, Multicultural Citizenship (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1998), p. 28-29.

³⁰⁵ Samuel Lubell, The Future of American Politics (New York: Harper, 1951), p. 58ff.

³⁰⁶ New York Times, 9 December 1999, p. 1, 20; 5 March 2000, p. A1, A20; Washington Post, 18 September 1993, p. A1; New York City Department of City Planning,The Newest New Yorkers: 1995—1996: An Update of Immigration to NYC in the Mid '90s (8 November 1999).

³⁰⁷ James Dao, "Immigrant Diversity Slows Traditional Political Climb", New York Times, 28 December 1999, p. A1; John J. Miller, The Unmaking of Americans (New York: Free Press, 1998), p. 218-19; Edward P. Lazear, Culture Wars in America (Stanford: Hoover Institution, Essays in Public Policy, no. 71, 1996), p. 9, citing 1990 census data.

³⁰⁸ Nathan Glazer, "Immigration and the American Future", The Public Interest, 118 (Winter 1995), p. 51; "Issue Brief: Cycles of Nativism in U.S. History", Immigration Forum, 19

May 2000, p. 1.

³⁰⁹ Robert William Fogel, The Fourth Great Awakening and the Future of Egalitarianism (Chicago: University of Chicago Press 2000), p. 60; Barry Edmonston and Jeffrey P. Passel, "Ethnic Demography: U.S. Immigration and Ethnic Variations", in Edmonston and Passel, eds., Immigration and Ethnicity (Washington, D.C.: Urban Institute Press 1994), p. 8; Campbell J. Gibson and Emily Lennon, Historical Census Statistics on the Foreign Born Population of the United

States, 1850-1990 (Washington: Census Bureau Population Division, Working Paper 29, February 1999).

³¹⁰ Richard Alba and Victor Nee, "Rethinking Assimilation Theory for a New Era of Immigration", International Migration Review, 31 (Winter 1997), p. 842-43; Douglas Massey, "The New Immigration and Ethnicity in the United States", Population and Development Review, 21 (September, 1995), p. 645, quoted in Peggy Levitt, The Transnational Villagers (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2001), p. 18.

³¹¹ U.S. Immigration and Naturalization Service, 1999 Statistical Yearbook of the Immigration and Naturalization Service (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, March 2002), p. 19; U.S. Census Bureau, Statistical Abstract of the United States: 2001, p. 45.

³¹² Stephen A. Camarota, Immigrants in the United States—2002: A Snapshot of America's Foreign-Born Population (Washington: Center for Immigration Studies, Backgrounder, November 2002), p. 1; Boston Globe, 10 March 2003, p. A3, citing William Frey's analysis of Census Bureau figures.

³¹³ Frederick Douglass, quoted in Judith N. Shklar, American Citizenship (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1991), p. 48, 52.

³¹⁴ Ronald Takaki, Double Victory: A Multicultural History of America (Boston: Little, Brown 2000), p. 82.

³¹⁵ John Higham, Strangers in the Land (New Brunswick, N. J.: Rutgers University Press, 1988) p. 12ff; Kevin Phillips, The Cousins' Wars (New York: Basic Books, 1999), p. 543 ff.

³¹⁶ John A. Hawgood, The Tragedy of German-America (New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1940), p. 291-301; Ronald Fernandez, "Getting Germans to Fight Germans: The Americanizers of World War I", Journal of Ethnic Studies, 9 (1981), p. 64-664 Higham, Strangers in the Land, pp, 216 -17.

³¹⁷ New York Times, 5 July 1918, p. 1, 6; John J. Miller, "Americanization Past and Future", Freedom Review, 28 (Fall 1997), p. 11.

³¹⁸ Nathan Glazer and Daniel Patrick Moynihan, Beyond the Melting Pot (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1970), p. 20; Mary C. Waters, Ethnic Options: Choosing Identities in America (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990), p. 175.

³¹⁹ Michael Walzer, What It Means to Be an American (New York: Marsilio, 1992), p. 49.

³²⁰ Boston Globe, 27 May 2002, p. A1; 15 August 2002, p. A3; 23 November 2002, p.A15.

³²¹ Miller, The Unmaking of Americans, p. 219-21.

³²² Marilyn Halter, Washington Post Weekly Edition, 24 July 2000, p. 21.

³²³ CM. Peter Skerry, Mexican Americans: The Ambivalent Minority (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1993), passim; and Michael Jones-Correa, Between Two Nations: The Political Predicament of Latinos in New York City (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1998) p.5, 69-90.

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