The Relationships of the Kyrgyz with the Koqand Khanate in the 18-19th centuries. The Rebellion of 1873-1876 against Kokand Khanate.

Khoqand Khanate

In 1710 a chieftain of one of the tribes in the central part of the Fergana Valley, Shahrukh Biy from Ming tribe with the support of other tribal chieftains, was announced the ruler of the new state. He established Ming dynasty. The name of the dynasty has nothing in common with the Ming dynasty of China. It is a Turkic word meaning a “thousand”. Some sources consider the founder of the state as belonging to one of Uzbek tribes, while others regard him as a descendant of Babur and Timurids.

The capital of the new state was Khoqand, a city that was grown up of a fortified palace. The new capital was located in the western part of the state, different from the former capital Andijan, for example, partly because it was less exposed to raids of nomadic Kyrgyzs and Kalmyks. On the other hand, the capital was close to another Khanate of Bukhara.

The main territory of the Khoqand Khanate was the Fergana Valley. However, within almost two centuries the territory of the khanate was expanded to Semirechye in the north and Pamir Mountains in the south.

The history of the Khoqand state can be divided into three main stages:

1. The growth of Khoqand state – 1709-1800, the period when the political- administrative system and socio-economic relations within the state were established. The state acquired its definite structure under the rule of Irdana Biy (the title biy originated from the Turkic beg). Under his reign the Khoqand Khanate became independent from the Bukhara state.

2. The prosperity of Khoqand state – 1800-1840, the period of the state highest development and expansion of its territory. Khoqand competed with Bukhara for primacy in Central Asia. Khokand rulers also assumed the title of khan instead of biy. During the rule of Madali Khan the khanate reached its greatest extent and power. Its territory stretched from the Kipchak steppe with Turkestan, Tashkent, Chui and Ili valleys to the Pamir Mountains and southern Kyrgyzstan.

The khanate also underwent the flourishing of art and literature, the rise in agricultural production through the construction of the irrigation system. Silk and cotton became increasingly important, especially cotton that was exported to Russia. Urban architecture, both religious and civic, flourished. The great mosque of Khoqand, Madrasa-i Jami (a mosque and a school), Hakim Ayin and Sultan Murad Bey madrasas, Urda royal palace were built. Poetry in the Turkic language (Nadira, the mother of Madali Khan) flourished.

3 The decline of the Khoqand state – 1840-1876, the period of social contradictions, internal strives, the weakening of the state system, the political crisis, popular uprisings and finally the liquidation of the state by the Russians. During this period the tensions between the settled population (Sarts who spoke Turkic and Tajiks who spoke Persian) and Kipchak and Kyrgyz nomads took place. Numerous rebellions took place in this period, particularly those of Kyrgyzs. The last ruler, Khudayar Khan, was forced to seek a refuge at the Russian mission as a result of 1873 rebellion led by Ishaq Hasan. In 1876, Russians occupied the whole territory of khanate and annexed it, liquidating the khanate and establishing the new province of Turkestan.

Khoqand Khanate and Kyrgyz

In the first half of the 19th century southern Kyrgyzstan was annexed by the Khoqand Khanate. The conquest of northern Kyrgyzstan started in 1820s. In 1825, after the invasion of the Chui Valley, Bishkek fortress was built. The purpose of the fortress was military – to garrison Khoqandi troops, and secondly – economical, to control trade routes between Central Asia and Russia. Later on Issyk-Kul and Naryn Kyrgyzs were conquered. Many other fortified settlements were established by Khoqands on the territory of Kyrgyzstan – Tokmak, Ak Suu, Chaldavar, Kara Balta, Merke, At Bashi, Kurtka, Toguz Toro, Kochkor, Jumgal, Karakol, Barskon and others. The factor that facilitated the conquest of Kyrgyz tribes were their intertribal fights, so that some chieftains helped Khoqandis in their expansion.

Economic situation

By the mid 19 century the population of Kyrgyzs was more than 800 thousand people. While the rule of Khokand Khanate was stable and firm enough in the south of Kyrgyzstan, in the north it was more formal ad superficial.

The annexation of Kyrgyzs by the Khoqand Khanate brought new forms of land ownership: ashlaq - state ownership, mulq – private ownership, waqf – Mulsim ownership (medreses and mosques). However, traditional for Kyrgyzs forms of land ownership also remained – tribal ownership of land and livestock that was controlled by Kyrgyz bays and manaps.

Various taxes were imposed on Kyrgyzs: zeket – tax on livestock, tunduk zeket – tax on a yurt (one sheep), kharaj – tax on land (1/10 of harvest), military tax – 3 sheep or 1 golden coin. Later on many more other taxes were imposed. During the reign of Khudayar Khan there were more than 20 taxes.

Date: 2015-01-02; view: 1575