B. The adjectives "hel / halv" are declined in the usual way in the indefinite, but when they come before a definite noun, they are not preceded by a definite article.
Gender
Indefinite Adjectives
Definite Adjectives
Masculine
Jeg har en hel dag.
Det tarhele dagen.
Feminine
Jeg har ei hel uke.
Det tarhele uka.
Neuter
Jeg har et helt år.
Det tarhele året.
Plural
Jeg har to hele dager.
Possessive Pronouns
1997-98
Sponsored by NorTANA and St. Olaf College
Overview of Pronouns:(Subject, Object, Reflexive, Possessive, Ref. Possessive)
Subject
Object
Reflexive
Possessive
Reflexive Poss.
jeg
meg
meg
min - mi - mitt - mine
---
du
deg
deg
din - di - ditt - dine
---
han hun
ham henne
seg seg
hans hennes
sin - si - sitt - sine sin - si - sitt - sine
vi
oss
oss
vår - vårt - våre
---
dere
dere
dere
deres
---
de
dem
seg
deres
sin - si - sitt - sine
Overview of Pronoun Usage:
Subject
Object
Reflexive
Possessive
Jeg bor her.
Erik liker meg.
Jeg vasker meg.
Broren min er 16 år.
Du er fra USA.
Per forstår deg.
Du skynder deg.
Faren din heter Pål.
Han studerer tysk. Hun liker pizza.
Lars snakker med ham. Anne kjenner henne.
Han barberer seg. Hun sminker seg.
Huset hans er stort. Leiligheten hennes er liten.
Vi leser nå.
Mia hjelper oss.
Vi legger oss.
Bilen vår er ny.
Dere er hyggelige.
Pål skriver til dere.
Dere vasker dere.
Sønnen deres er snill.
De snakker norsk.
Mari passer på dem.
De skynder seg.
Datteren deres er 6 år.
Overview of Possessive Pronouns:
Masculine
Feminine
Neuter
Plural
pennen min
hytta mi
huset mitt
bilene mine
pennen din
hytta di
huset ditt
bilene dine
pennen hans pennen hennes
hytta hans hytta hennes
huset hans huset hennes
bilene hans bilene hennes
pennen vår
hytta vår
huset vårt
bilene våre
pennen deres
hytta deres
huset deres
bilene deres
pennen deres
hytta deres
huset deres
bilene deres
Use of "sin, si, sitt, sine"
1. There is a third person subject of the clause 2. The third person subject is the "owner" of the thing/person in question 3. The thing/person "owned" is not part of the subject.
Basic Rules --- Demonstrative Pronouns
Description
Demonstrative pronouns are used to point out something or someone. To refer to people or objects close to us, we use "this" or "these." For people or objects further away, we use "that" or "those."
Example: I like this shirt better than that red shirt. What do you think of these shoes? Or do you like those shoes the better?
Basic Rules
1. In Norwegian, demonstrative pronouns must agree in gender and number with the accompanying noun. (denne dressen | dette huset | disse skoene) 2. The noun must be in the definite form (denne dressen | dette huset | disse skoene)
Chart of Basic Forms
GENDER
THIS | THESE
THAT | THOSE
Masculine (en)
denne dressen (this suit)
den dressen (that suit)
Feminine (ei)
denne skjorta (this shirt)
den skjorta (that shirt)
Neuter (et)
dette skjerfet (this scarf)
det skjerfet (that scarf)
Plural
disse skoene (these shoes)
de skoene (those shoes)
Basic Rules --- Verbs: Past Tense
Description
We use past tense (preteritum) to tell about something that happened at a specific time in the past, or to tell about something that happened repeatedly in the past.
Norwegian verbs can be classified, like English verbs, as either WEAK (endings are added to the root of the verb to form the past tense) or STRONG (involving a vowel change in the root -- often no ending at all.)
Examples of weak verbs in past tense: Jeg spiste frokost, pusset tennene og kledde på meg. Så prøvde jeg å vekke broren min. (spise - spiste || pusse - pusset || kle - kledde || prøve - prøvde)
Examples of strong verbs in past tense: Jeg satt og skrev et brev til foreldrene mine. Så gikk jeg på kino. (sitte - satt || skrive - skrev || gå - gikk
Basic Rules
You cannot tell by looking at a verb whether it is weak or strong. However, there are many fewer strong verbs than weak verbs, so you should learn to recognize those and then assume that the rest are weak.
There is not an easy way to learn the past tense of the strong verbs. You just need to memorize the forms of each verb (refer to the list of strong verbs and their forms in your textbook).
In contrast, forming the past tense of weak verbs follows an easily recognizable pattern, and it is most efficient to learn what the pattern is and how to apply it rather than to memorize the forms of each individual verb.
As you will see in the chart below, there are four different endings for weak verbs (-et | -te | de | dde). These endings are always added to the stem or root of the verb. This root is found by dropping the unstressed -e on the end of the infinitive, if there is one.
(Infinitives: spise, pusse, kle, bo, prøve; | Roots: spis, puss, kle, bo, prøv)
Chart of Weak Verbs
Weak Verb Classes
Infinitive
Past Tense
Present Perfect
The root ends in two consonants
ex.) vaske, snakke
-et (past tense) -et (present perfect tense)
vaske (wash)
snakke (talk)
vasket (washed)
snakket (talked)
har vasket (have washed)
har snakket (have talked)
The root ends in one consonant, or in some specific two consonant combinations (ll, mm, nn, ng, nk)
ex.) like, spise ex.) spille, svømme, kjenne, trenge, tenke
-te (past tense) -t (present perfect tense)
like (like)
spise (eat) spille (play)
likte (liked)
spiste (ate)
spilte (played)
har likt (have liked)
har spist (have eaten)
har spilt (have played)
The root ends in v or a diphthong, such as "ei".
ex.) prøve, leie, pleie
-de (past tense) -d (present perfect tense)
prøve (try)
leie (rent)
prøvde (tried)
leide (rented)
har prøvd (have tried)
har leid (have rented)
The root ends in a long vowel
ex.) bo, kle
-dde (past tense) -dd (present perfect tense)
bo (live)
kle (dress)
bodde (lived)
kledde (dressed)
har bodd (have lived)
har kledd (have dressed)
Chart of Strong Verbs(see charts in textbooks)
Basic Rules --- Verbs: Imperative Form
Description
We use the imperative form of the verb to make requests, give directions or instructions, and give orders or commands.
Kom hit! (Come here!) -- Sitt ned! (Sit down!) --- Vær stille! (Be quiet!) Ta til venstre! (Turn left!) --- Hjelp! (Help!) --- Spis maten din! (Eat your food!)
Basic Rules
In Norwegian, the imperative is formed by dropping the -e from the infinitive, if there is one.
infinitive (spise) ----- imperative (spis) infinitive (ta) --------- imperative (ta)
Chart of the Imperative Form
Infinitive
Imperative (positive)
Imperative (negative)
gjøre (do)
Gjør det! (Do it!)
Ikke gjør det! | Gjør ikke det! (Don't do it!)
snakke(talk/speak)
Snakk norsk! (Speak Norwegian!)
Ikke snakk norsk! | Snakk ikke norsk! (Don't speak Norwegian!)
gå (go)
Gå hjem! (Go home!)
Ikke gå hjem! | Gå ikke hjem! (Don't go home!)
Basic Rules --- Verbs: Passive Voice
Description
The passive voice is used when we wish to emphasize the object of an action, or the result of an action, rather than who is doing it. Often it is either unimportant who the actor is, we wish to conceal the actor's identity, or the actor's identity is unknown.
Active Voice: Jeg vasket bilen (I washed the car). Jeg bruker studiekortet som legitimasjon. (I use my student card as identification.
Passive Voice: Bilen ble vasket av meg (The car was washed by me). Studiekortet brukes som legitimasjon (The student card is used as identification.)
Basic Rules
The passive voice is formed by using the helping verb "bli" + the perfect participle. The past participle remains constant while "bli" appears in different tenses.
The passive voice can also be formed by adding an -s to the infinitive of the verb. This s-passive is commonly used after the modal helping verbs (skal, kan, må, bør).
Chart of Passive Verbs ("bli" + participle)
Future Tense
Present Tense
Past Tense
Present Perfect
Brevet vil bli skrevet. (The letter will be written.)
Brevet blir skrevet. (The letter is being written.)
Brevet ble skrevet (The letter was written.)
Brevet har blittskrevet. (The letter has been written.)
Filmen vil bli vist. (The film will be shown.)
Filmen blirvist. (The film is being shown.)
Filmen ble vist (The film was shown.)
Filmen har blittvist. (The film has been shown.)
Bilen vil bli vasket. (The car will be washed.)
Bilen blir vasket. (The car is being washed.)
Bilen ble vasket. (The car was washed.)
Bilen har blittvasket. (The car has been washed.)
Jobben vil bli gjort. (The job will be done.)
Jobben blir gjort. (The job is being done.)
Jobben ble gjort. (The job was done.)
Jobben har blittgjort. (The job has been done.)
Chart of Passive Verbs (s- passive)
S-Passives with Modal Helping Verbs
Present Tense
Tekstboka kan bestilles i bokhandelen. (The textbook can be ordered in the bookstore.)
Tekstboka bestilles i bokhandelen. (The textbook is ordered in the bookstore.)
Hjemmeleksene må gjøres i dag. (The homework must be done today.)
Hjemmeleksene gjøres i dag. (The homework is being done today.)
Klærne skal vaskes i morgen. (The clothes are going to be washed tomorrow.)
Klærne vaskes i dag. (The clothes are being washed today.)
Middagen bør serveres klokka fem. (The dinner ought to be served at five o'clock.)
Middagen serveres klokka fem. (The dinner is served at five o'clock.)
