There are three kinds of situation when we use the present perfect continuous.

i. To talk about how long something has been happening, particularly with temporary situations.

eg. He has been workingon a farm all summer.

Q. How long have you been sitting in this classroom ?

A. I've been sitting in this classroom for about half an hour.

Q. How long have I been teaching English?

A. You've been teaching me English for 6 weeks.

Q. How long have you been studying book 3?

A. I've been studying book 3 for 2 weeks.

Q. How long have you been wearing that shirt?

A. I've been working this shirt for 6 hours.

ii. Recent actions that cause present effects.

eg. My clothes are dirty. I have been workingin the garden.

Q. Use the present perfect continuous to give reasons for these situations.

eg. His hands are dirty. He has been repairinghis bicycle.

a. The streets are wet. What has been happening ?

A. It has been raining.

b. He is very tired. What has he been doing ?

A. He's been working very hard.

c. Her English is much better than it used to be. . What has she been doing ?

A. She's been practicing a lot.

d. He doesn’t understand what the teacher is talking about. What

hasn’t he been doing ?

A. He hasn't been listening.

e. Her eyes are red. What has she been doing ?

A. She's been crying.

iii. We use the present perfect continuous for recent habits or repeated activities.

eg. My wife has been gettinghome very late from work recently.

Q. Have you been sleeping well recently?

A. Yes, I've been sleeping very well recently.

Q. Have you been studying hard recently?

A. No, I haven't been studying hard recently.

Q. Have you been eating healthy food recently?

A. Yes, I've been eating healthy food recently.

Q. Have you been drinking a lot recently?

A. No, I haven't been drinking a lot recently.

n. sense of humourn. sarcasmadj sarcastic

Your sense of humouris the kind of things that you think are funny.

If you have a good sense of humouryou often laugh at things and make other people laugh.

If you say the opposite of what you think in order to be funny, you are being sarcastic.

eg. “I think English people are always so happy because they have such nice

weather.”

Q. Do you like people with no sense of humour?

A. No, I don't like people with no sense of humour.

Q. Do you think someone’s sense of humour depends on their nationality?

A. Yes, I think someone’s sense of humour depends on their nationality.

Q. Do you have a sarcastic sense of humour?

A. Yes, I have a sarcastic sense of humour.

Unit 2

Q. Do you like my clothes/haircut ?

A. Yes, I like your clothes.

Q. Do you really like them or are you being sarcastic?*

A. I'm being sarcastic.

adj. intelligentn. intelligencen. genius

Q. Do you think mice are intelligent animals?

A. No, I don't think mice are intelligent animals.

Q. Give me an example of a very intelligent animal ?

A. A dolphin is an example of a very intelligent animal.

Q. Give me an example of a famous genius?

A. Albert Einstein was a famous genius.

Q. Do you have to be a genius to understand English grammar?

A. No, you don't have to be a genius to understand English grammar.

Q. Do you think intelligence is something you can learn or something you are born with ?

A. I think intelligence is something you are born with

Q. Do you think dogs are more or less intelligent than cats?

A. I think dogs are more intelligent than cats.

n. theoryn. practice(uncountable)

intheory inpractice

A theoryis the idea that something is possible or true.

Practiceis doing something in real life.

eg. Einstein’s theorieschanged the way we understand the world.

In theorythere is enough food in the world for everyone, but in practice

many people don’t have enough food.

Q. Which scientist became famous for his General Theory of Relativity?

A. Albert Einstein became famous for his General Theory of Relativity.

Q. Do you believe the theory that humans used to be monkeys ?

A. Yes, I believe the theory that humans used to be monkeys.

Q. In theory can you teach yourself a foreign language from a book?

A. Yes, in theory you can you teach yourself a foreign language from a book.

Q. Do you think this really works in practice ?

A. No, I don't think it really works in practice.

Q. In theory computers make our lives easier, but in practice what kind of problems can they cause ?

A. In practice, computers can be bad for your eyes and can be very expensive.

Q. In theory anyone can become rich if they work hard, but do you think this is true in practice ?

A. No, I don't think it's true in practice.

Q. Do your plans usually work in practice ?

A. Yes, my plans usually work in practice.

Q. Are there any funny people in your country who are famous for being

sarcastic ?

A. No, there aren't any funny people in my country who are famous

for being sarcastic.

Q. I f someone drinks too much, can it have an effect on their work?

A. Yes, if someone drinks too much, they find it very difficult to concentrate.

Q. Have you been taking exercise recently?

A. Yes, I've been taking exercise recently.

Q. Have you ever tried to do something that was easy in theory but really difficult in practice?

A. Yes, taking my driving test was easy in theory but really difficult in practice.

adj. stupidadj. silly/daftn. idiot

eg. I failed my exam because I made too many sillymistakes.

English people sometimes say, “Don’t be stupid/silly/an idiot!” when

they think something is a bad idea or they don’t agree with someone.

These expressions are impolite.

Q. Do you think people who get drunk and violent are silly or stupid ? A. I think people who get drunk and violent are stupid.

Unit 2

Q. If you were late for school because you got on the wrong bus, would you be silly or stupid?

A. If you were late for school because you got on the wrong bus, you'd be silly.

Q. How would you feel if someone called you an idiot?

A. I'd feel stupid if someone called me an idiot.

Q. Have you ever felt stupid because you couldn’t understand something?

A. Yes, I felt stupid because I couldn't understand French.

Q. Give me an example of silly behaviour.

A. Leaving your wallet on a train is an example of silly behaviour.

Q. Give me an example of stupid behaviour.

A. Not wearing your helmet on a motorbike is an example of stupid behaviour.

adj. seriousexpr. to take something seriously

1. A seriousperson is someone who usually thinks carefully about things and

doesn’t like silly behaviour.

If you take something seriously, you think it is important and worth

doing well.

Q. Do news readers usually look serious on television ?

A. Yes, news readers usually look serious on television.

Q. Do you take studying English seriously?

A. Yes, I take studying English seriously.

Q. Did you take your education seriously at school ?

A. Yes, I took my education seriously at school.

conj. However

Howeveris a linking word. It has the same meaning as but.

There are three differences between howeverand but.

1. Howeveris more formal than butand we usually use it in written English. We do not use it a lot when speaking.

2. Howeverdoes not link clauses together in one sentence.

eg. I didn’t like him when I first met him butwe are very good friends now.

I didn’t like him when I first met him. However, we are very good friends now.

3. Howevercan go in different places in a sentence.

Usually we put it at the beginning of a sentence.

eg. We were sure that we paid the bill. However, the manager did not believe us.

It can also go at the end of a sentence, after a comma.

eg. We were sure we had paid the bill. The manager didn’t believe us, however.

Or it can go in the middle of a sentence, between two commas.

eg. We were sure that we paid the bill. The manager, however, didn’t believe us.

Q. Which linking word has the same meaning as however?

A. But has the same meaning as however.

Q. Is however more common in written or spoken English?

A. However is more common in written English.

Q. Does however join clauses in the same sentence?

A. No, however doesn't join clauses in the same sentence.

Q. Make a sentence with however.

A. It's raining. However, I'm still going to play football.

Unit 2

adj. practicaladj. impractical

If someone is practical, they find the easiest and best way to do something.

eg. Trains were the first practicalway for people to travel very long distances.

Q. Is it practical to live a long way from where you work?

A. No, it's impractical to live a long way from where you work.

Q. Does experience teach you to be practical?

A. Yes, experience teaches you to be practical.

Q. In what kind of jobs do you need to be practical?

A. You need to be practical if you are a builder.

Q. What would be a practical thing to buy if you kept waking up late?

A. An alarm clock would be a practical thing to buy if you kept waking up late.

Q. What would be a practical thing to buy if you wanted to visit a famous foreign city?

A. A guidebook would be a practical thing to buy if you wanted to visit a famous foreign city.

Q. What would be a practical thing to buy if your bedroom was very cold in the winter?

A. A heater would be a practical thing to buy if your bedroom was very cold in the winter.

Q. What would be the practical thing to do if you couldn’t repair something yourself ?

A. If you couldn’t repair something yourself, the practical thing to

do would be to ask somebody to help you.

Q. What kind of things do you think are worth taking seriously ?

A. I think it's worth taking your job seriously.

Q. Have you ever been treated like an idiot in a foreign country because you couldn’t speak a foreign language ?

A. Yes, I was treated like an idiot in France.

Q. What is one of the most stupid things you have ever done ?

A. Leaving my wallet on the backseat of my car is one of the most stupid things I've ever done.

v. to hang(up) n. hangerv. to fold

hung

hung

Q. What kind of things hang from the ceiling?

A. Lights sometimes hang from the ceiling.

Q. Where would you hang a picture?

A. I would hang a picture on the wall.

Q. Where would you hang a wet towel?

A. I would hang a wet towel on the back of a chair.

Q. What kind of clothes do you hang on a hanger?

A. You hang coats and dresses on a hanger.

Q. Do you fold jumpers or hang them up ?

A. I fold jumpers.

n. advertisingn. advertisement(advert/ad)

v. to advertisen. product

Q. Would you like to work in advertising?

A. No, I wouldn't like to work in advertising.

Q. Have you ever advertised anything in a newspaper or magazine?

A. Yes, I've advertised a bicycle in a newspaper.

Q. What products are made by Honda?

A. Cars and motorbikes are made by Honda.

Q. What products are made by Pepsi Co. ?

A. Soft drinks are made by Pepsi Co.

Q. Have you ever bought a particular product because you liked the advertisement ?

A. Yes, I bought a CD player last year because I liked the advertisement.

v. to replacev / n. guaranteeadj. guaranteed

If you replacean old light bulb, you put a new one in.

If a product is sold with a guaranteeit means the company promises to repair or replaceit if it stops working.

Q. What kind of things do you often have to replace ?*

A. You often have to replace batteries and light bulbs.

Unit 2

Q. Do all products have a guarantee?

A. No, not all products have a guarantee.

Q. Which parts of the body can be replaced?

A. The heart, lungs and liver can be replaced.

Q. Is your watch guaranteed?

A. Yes, my watch is guaranteed.

Q. How long does the guarantee last?

A. For one year.

Q. If you buy something that is guaranteed, does the shop have to replace it if it doesn’t work ?

A. Yes, if you buy something that is guaranteed, the shop has to replace it if it doesn’t work.

Q. Do you fold your clothes carefully after washing them ?

A. No, I don't fold my clothes carefully after washing them.

Q. Where is a practical place to hang winter coats in summer?

A. A practical place to hang winter coats in summer is at the back of a wardrobe.

Q. Are very intelligent people sometimes not very practical ?

A. Yes, very intelligent people are sometimes not very practical.

Q. What kind of products are advertised on television ?

A. Electrical products are advertised on television.

Q. When you go on holiday are you always guaranteed to have a good time ?

A. No, when you go on holiday, you're not always guaranteed to have a good time.

v. to exaggeraten. exaggeration

We exaggeratewhen we say that something is bigger, better, worse etc. than it really is.

Q. Do children sometimes exaggerate when they tell each other stories ? A. Yes, children sometimes exaggerate when they tell each other stories.

Q. Why do you think journalists sometimes exaggerate news stories?

A. I think journalists sometimes exaggerate news stories to sell more newspapers.

Q. Have you ever exaggerated an illness so you could have a day off school or work?

A. No, I've never exaggerated an illness so I could have a day off school.

Q. Are companies allowed to exaggerate about their products in advertisements ?

A. No, companies are not allowed to exaggerate about their products in advertisements.

v. to avoid+ gerund / noun

If you avoiddoing something, you find a way not to do it.

eg. Children often try to avoiddoing their homework.

Lazy people avoidhard work.

Q. Did you use to avoid tidying your room ?

A. Yes, I always used to avoid tidying my room.

Q. Have you ever tried to avoid playing sport at school?

A. No, I've never tried to avoid playing sport at school.

Q. Do you try to avoid traveling during the rush hour?

A. Yes, I try to avoid traveling during the rush hour.

Q. How can you avoid falling asleep when driving long distances ? A. You can avoid falling asleep when driving long distances by drinking coffee.

n. trouble to be/ get in trouble(with someone)

If you are in troubleother people are angry, because you have done something badly.

Q. What parts of the body often give people trouble?

A. The knees and the back often give people trouble.

Q. Have you ever had back trouble ?

A. Yes, I have had back trouble.

Q. Did you ever get in trouble with your teachers at school?

A. Yes, I always got in trouble with your teachers at school.

Q. What do you think car/engine trouble is?

A. I think car trouble is when your car breaks down.

Q. What would I mean if I said something was ‘no trouble’?

A. If you said something was ‘no trouble’, you'd mean 'no problem'.

Q. Who would you call if you were in trouble with the Police ?

A. If I were in trouble with the Police, I would call a lawyer.

Unit 2

to have trouble+ gerund

If you have troubledoing something, you find it difficult to do

Q. Do you have trouble understanding English people when they speak very quickly?

A. Yes, I sometimes have trouble understanding English people when they speak very quickly.

Q. Have you ever had trouble finding accommodation?

A. Yes, I have had trouble finding accommodation.

Q. Have you ever had trouble finding someone's house?

A. No, I've never had trouble finding someone's house.

Q. What kind of people have trouble getting clothes that are the right size?

A. Tall people have trouble getting clothes that are the right size.

NB. Troubleis usually a singular, uncountable noun.

We don’t describe one particular situation as ‘a trouble’.

Instead, we use the word ‘problem’.

eg. I am having some trouble with my computer. (uncountable)

There are two problems, the memory and the keyboard. (countable)

v. to ownadj. own

If you ownsomething it belongs to you.

eg. My sister ownsa local pub.

We use the adjective ownto show that something is used or belongs to one particular person.

There is always a possessive adjective (my, her etc.) before own, and never an article.

eg. I didn’t have my ownroom when I was a child but I shared with my sister.

Q. Do you own your home or do you rent it?

A. I rent it.

Q. Do you have your own car?

A. Yes, I have my own car.

Q. What do students do if they don’t have their own book?

A. If students don’t have their own book, they share.

Q. Do you know anyone who owns two houses?

A. Yes, my best friend owns two houses.

Unit 3

Unit 2

n. populationv. to increasev. to decrease

The populationof a country is the number of people in it.

If something increases, it gets bigger or goes up.

If something decreases, it gets smaller or goes down.

Q. What is the population of your country ?*

A. The population of my country is about 100 million.

Q. Is the population of the world increasing or decreasing ?

A. The population of the world is increasing.

Q. Is unemployment increasing or decreasing in your country ?

A. Unemployment is decreasing in my country.

Q. In theory, is there enough food for the whole population of the world ?

A. Yes, in theory, there's enough food for the whole population of the world.

Q. What do children do if they want to avoid going to school ?

A. Children pretend to be ill if they want to avoid going to school.

Q. If you kept on being late for work, would you get into trouble ?

A. Yes, if you kept on being late for work, you'd get into trouble.

Q. What else could you get into trouble for ?

A. You could also get into trouble for stealing money.

Q. Have you ever tried to avoid someone because you were in trouble with them ?

A.Yes, I've tried to avoid my boss because I was in trouble with him.

Q. What would you do if you needed to use a computer and you didn’t have your own ?

A. If I needed to use a computer and I didn’t have my own, I would borrow a computer from my friend.

v. to rise = to go up v. to fall (2) = to go down

rose

risen

n. the cost of living= how much it costs for rent, food, clothes etc.

Q. Does smoke usually rise or fall ?

A. Smoke usually rises.

Q. Are prices rising or falling at the moment ?

A. Prices are rising at the moment.

Q. Is the cost of living higher in the USA or your country ?

A. The cost of living is higher in the USA than my country.

Q. Is the cost of living rising or falling in your country ?

A. The cost of living is rising in my country.

Q. What is the verb form of :

a. to rise ?

b. to fall ?

Q. What is the verb form of to rise ?

A. The verb form of to rise is rise rose risen.

Q. What is the verb form of to fall ?

A. The verb form of to fall is fall fell fallen.

v. to setn. sunrisen. sunset

set

set

eg. The sun risesin the east and setsin the west.

Q. About what time did the sun rise this morning ?

A. The sun rose at about 7 o'clock this morning.

Q. Does the sun set earlier in winter than in summer ?

A. Yes, the sun sets earlier in winter than in summer.

Q. What kind of people often get up at sunrise ?

A. Postmen often get up at sunrise.

Q. Do you get beautiful sunsets in your country ?

A. Yes, we get beautiful sunsets in my country.

Unit 3

Date: 2016-01-03; view: 985