INFECTIOUS DISEASES

In its economic history, Ukraine has evolved first from an agricultural to an industrialized, and then to a service-oriented country. Major industries include coal, electric power, machinery, chemicals, food processing, woodworking, and tourism. The industrialization of Ukraine started in 1930s when it was a part of the Soviet Union. Having inherited a huge industrial potential from the USSR, Ukraine, as an independent country, has lost part of its industrial capacity due to ongoing inner political and economic crises. Dependence on Russian energy supplies is also a problem as are non-economic, social factors, including an under-developed institutional and social infrastructure and corruption, which have further delayed Ukraine’s transition to a fully developed industrial/service economy.

But now Ukrainian industry is growing again. After economic stagnation, Ukrainian industry is investing and growing, creating a historical window of opportunity to restructure obsolete plants and apply more energy efficient and environmentally friendly technologies and business practices. This would enhance the international competitiveness of the industrial sector and improve quality of life of citizens. Nowadays, the major industries are power generation, fuels, ferrous and non-ferrous processing, chemicals, gas, machine-building, machinery-building, woodworking, and food production. Ukraine is also known for its highly developed defense industry producing and supplying military equipment to the countries throughout the world. Most present Ukrainian industrial enterprises are located in the south-eastern part of the country.

Ukraine as a developing country has great economic potential. In Soviet times, the economy of Ukraine was the second largest in the Soviet Union, being an important industrial and agricultural component of the country's planned economy. With the dissolution of the Soviet system, the country moved from a planned economy to a market economy. The transition process was difficult for the majority of the population which plunged into poverty. A significant number of citizens in rural Ukraine survived by growing their own food, often working two or more jobs and buying the basic necessities through the barter economy. Prices stabilized only after the introduction of new currency, the hryvnia, in 1996. In the early 2000s, the economy showed strong export-based growth of 5 to 10 percent, with industrial production growing more than 10 percent per year. And although Ukraine was hit by the economic crisis of 2008, it was able to, more or less, recover from the crisis results by the beginning of the year 2011.

A relatively cheap local labor force and favorable climate conditions, make it very attractive for the foreign investors. The main trade/investment partners of Ukraine are Russia, Turkey, Germany, Poland, Italy, Turkmenistan, and United States. Ukraine exports ferrous and non-ferrous metals, fuel, petroleum products, chemicals, machinery, and imports energy and some types of machinery and equipment. Ukraine produces nearly all types of transportation vehicles and spacecrafts. Antonov airplanes and KrAZ trucks are exported to many countries. The majority of Ukrainian exports are marketed to the European Union. Since independence, Ukraine has maintained its own space agency, the National Space Agency of Ukraine (NSAU). Ukraine became an active participant in scientific space exploration and remote sensing missions. Between 1991 and 2007, Ukraine has launched six self-made satellites and 101 launch vehicles, and continues to design spacecraft.

The country imports most energy supplies, especially oil and natural gas, and to a large extent depends on Russia as its energy supplier. While 25 percent of the natural gas in Ukraine comes from internal sources, about 35 percent comes from Russia and the remaining 40 percent from Central Asia through transit routes that Russia controls. At the same time, 85 percent of the Russian gas is delivered to Western Europe through Ukraine.

The World Bank classifies Ukraine as a middle-income state. Growing sectors of the Ukrainian economy include the information technology (IT) market, which topped all other Central and Eastern European countries in 2007, growing some 40 percent.

1. Read the sentences and say whether they are true (T) or false (F).

1. Ukraine is classified by The World Bank as a high-income state.

2. Ukraine was hit by the economic crisis in 2008.

3. In Soviet times, the economy of Ukraine was the second largest in the Soviet Union.

4. The information technology market of Ukraine topped all other Central and Eastern European countries in 2011.

5. The transition process after the dissolution of the Soviet system was easy for the majority of the Ukrainian population.

6. Now Ukraine is a service-oriented country.

7. 40 % of the natural gas in Ukraine comes from internal sources.

2. Match the given words with their definitions.

3. Answer the following questions.

1. Which country does Ukraine depend on as its energy supplier at present?

2. Why was the transition process difficult for the majority of the Ukrainian population after the dissolution of the Soviet system?

3. How does the World Bank classify Ukraine nowadays?

4. Does Ukraine have its own space agency? If yes, what is its name?

5. What delayed Ukraine’s transition to a fully developed industrial/service economy after the declaration of its independence?

6. When did the industrialization of Ukraine start?

7. How does Ukraine receive natural gas from Central Asia?

4. Choose the most suitable word(s) to complete each sentence.

1) The majority of Ukrainian exports are marketed to the ______________ .

a)USA

b)European Union

c)UK

2) In 2008 Ukraine was hit by the ______________ .

a)famine

b)strikes

c)economic crisis

3) Ukraine produces nearly all types of transportation vehicles and _______ .

a)spacecrafts

b)airplanes

c)hang gliders

4) 85 percent of the Russian gas is _______ to Western Europe through Ukraine.

a)delivered

b)transmitted

c)forwarded

5) Ukraine is known for its highly developed defense industry producing and supplying _______ equipment to the countries throughout the world.

a)army

b)navy

c)military

6) In Soviet times, the economy of Ukraine was an important industrial and _______ component of the country’s planned economy.

a)farming

b)agricultural

c)territorial

7) Antonov airplanes and KrAZ _______ are exported to many countries.

a)vehicles

b)cars

c)trucks

5. Find in the text synonyms for:

1) machines; 2) power; 3) (is/are) situated; 4) money; 5) to increase; 6) to stay alive; 7) beggary.

6. Find in the text antonyms for:

1) modern; 2) passive; 3) external; 4) import; 5) expensive; 6) to stop; 7) consumer.

7. Translate the following sentences into English.

INFECTIOUS DISEASES

Edited by: prof. E. Nikitin, Honoured Science & Technics Worker of Ukraine, prof. M. Andreychyn

Approved by the Central Methodolo-

gical Committee of Higher Medical

Education as a manual for students

of the Higher Medical Schools of the

III-IV degree of accreditation

(protocol ¹ 2, 30.03.2004)

Ternopil

Ukrmedknyga

The manual reveals etiology, pathogenesis, clinic, diagnosis, medical treatment, and prophylaxis of widespread infectious diseases considering modern data. The authors of the book generalized experience of this subject being tought at home and foreign medical universities and academies, as well as infectious diseases departments, where they work. Attention is paid to presentation of material, which has important clinical value.

This manual corresponds to the program of Ministry of Health of Ukraine and is designed

for the students of medical higher education institutions of III-IY accreditation levels.

Contents

INTRODUCTION OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES 5

THE PRINCIPLES OF THE DIAGNOSTICS, TREATMENT AND PREVENTION

OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES 22

TYPHOID FEVER AND PARATYPHOID 37

BRUCELLOSIS 47

SHIGELLOSIS 57

SALMONELLOSIS . . . 67

CHOLERA 77

BOTULISM. TOXIC FOOD-BORNE DISEASES. CAMPYLOBACTERIOSIS 88

PSEUDOTUBERCULOSIS 99

LEPTOSPIROSIS 111

HERPETIC DISEASES 122

ERYSIPELAS. ERYSIPELOTRIX 135

ANTHRAX 142

VIRAL HEPATITIS 149

INFLUENZA 163

ACUTE RESPIRATORY VIRAL DISEASES 179

MYCOPLASMA PNEUMONIAE INFECTION 198

MENINGOCOCCAL INFECTION 202

DIPHTHERIA 216

RICKETTSIOSIS 233

VIRAL ENCEPHALITIS 253

RABIES 263

TETANUS 272

MALARIA 279

PLAGUE 301

TULAREMIA 319

ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME 332

SEPSIS 352

Literature 364

Introduction of infectious diseases 5

Date: 2014-12-21; view: 1193