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IV. Read the text and choose the alternative that best answers each question.II. Insert ONE WORD in the blanks below. Text 3. Global English Global English exists (0) ..as.. a political and cultural reality. Many misguided theories attempt to explain why the English language should have succeeded internationally, whilst (10) ... have not. Is it because there is (11) ... inherently logical or beautiful about the structure of English? Does its simple grammar (12) ... it easy to learn? Such ideas are misconceived. Latin was once a major international language, despite having a complicated grammatical structure, and English also presents learners (13) ... all manner of real difficulties, (14) ... least its spelling system. Ease (15) ... learning, therefore, has little to (16) ... with it. (17) ... all, children learn to speak their mother tongue in approximately the same period of time, (18) ... of their language. English has spread not so (19) ... for linguistic reasons, but rather because it has often found (20) ... in the right place, at the right time. (21) ... the 1960s, two major developments have contributed to strengthening this global status. Firstly, in a number of countries, English is now used in addition to national or regional languages. As (22) ... as this, an electronic revolution has taken (23) ... . It is estimated that (24) ... the region of 80% of worldwide electronic communication is now in English. III. Three sentences have been deleted from the text below. Choose the alternative Text 4. Cats and Men Grave discovery suggests cats have long been tamed by man. Archaeologists have found the earliest known evidence of a special link between humans and cats. They have unearthed the grave of a 30-year-old neolithic villager who died 9,500 years ago in Cyprus. Buried with the body were jewellery and offerings, and in a special pit, a set of 24 sea shells. 25__________ “The association of this burial with the sea shells and the cat grave strengthens the idea of a special burial indicating a relationship between cats and human beings,” said the discoverer, Jean-Denis Vigne of the Natural History Museum in Paris. “Possibly tamed cats were devoted to special activities or human individuals.” According to DNA evidence, the forerunner of the domestic dog – a far eastern wolf – first moved in with humans around 15,000 years ago. The first burial of a dog with a human dates from 12,500 years ago, in Israel. The goat, 10,000 years ago, was probably the first domestic milk-producer. 26__________ However, the discovery of the skeleton of a wildcat – Felis Sylvestris – that had clearly been handled with care so long ago – has archaeologists shaken. Cat bones have been found near human settlements before. Grain stores would have attracted rats and mice; cats would have found good hunting, so bones are not evidence of domestication. 27__________ And because the bones were in their right places in the skeleton, the animal must have been buried promptly upon death: otherwise, the bones would have been taken by scavengers, animals that feed on decaying plant or animal matter.
IV. Read the text and choose the alternative that best answers each question. Text 5. Think Drink According to a new study, when alcohol makes shy people less nervous in social situations, the effect is purely psychological. The study looked at the effects of alcohol on people with social phobia. For example, some people suffer from stress which is debilitating even in ordinary social situations, such as chatting on the phone. Earlier research showed that 15 percent of people with social phobia have at some time had drinking problems, and that alcoholics are nine times as likely as the general population to have the disorder. Joseph Himle, a psychiatrist at the University of Michigan, wanted to find out whether alcohol really does reduce anxiety. So, he enlisted the help of 40 people with social phobia who agreed to drink an unknown amount of alcohol before giving two impromptu speeches in front of an audience. Giving a speech without any preparation beforehand would naturally cause stress even for people without the phobia. A key factor in the experiment was that the volunteers could not tell exactly how much alcohol they had drunk. Before the first speech, everyone gargled with mouthwash and drank a “placebo” of sour grapefruit juice that contained no alcohol except a little vodka rubbed on the rim of the glass. Before the second speech, 20 patients drank another placebo, and 20 drank grapefruit juice containing an amount of alcohol equivalent to between two and three glasses of wine. The patients had to give 10-minute speeches on issues such as seat belts or gun control. After each one, the researchers monitored their heart rates and gave them a questionnaire to rate their level of anxiety. Himle assumed that everyone would be more relaxed the second time they gave a speech, but that people who had drunk alcohol would have calmed down the most. However, consuming alcohol turned out to make no difference to anxiety levels when the volunteers gave the second speech. “We were surprised, because given the association between alcoholism and social anxiety, we were expecting a clear benefit.” Bruce Thyer of the University of Georgia in Athens believes this is the most sophisticated study that’s ever been done to test the theory that alcohol has an effect on social phobia. “People’s expectations may make drinking helpful when they confront a frightening situation,” Thyer concludes. “But because alcohol can impair performance, it’s probably not the best way to cope with fear.”
29. The word ‘the disorder’ in line 7 refers to _____. 33. The word ‘those’ in line 28 refers to _____.
Date: 2015-12-24; view: 2481
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