Alliteration.

It’s the repetition of the same stressed cons-те at the beginning of stream of words or syllables. A. has a symbolic nature. And repetitions of certain cons-ts are supposed to produce certain images.

F.e., alliteration of sonorants is associated with ideas of love, sweetness, arousing pleasant feelings. They make a sentence or a poetic line musical & melodious. A. of plosives make an utterance heavy, abrupt & arouse unpleasant & negative feelings. A. can also be employed in emotive prose which increases its expressiveness. A. can be often found in newspaper headlines & book titles (“Pride&Prejudice”, “Sense&Sensibility”).

Assonance. It’s the repetition of the same stressed vowel in a stream of words. As. also has a symbolic nature, thus repetition of front vowel such as e, ei, i:, i, ai, әe are associated with smth. light, pleasant & repetition of back vowels (ɒ, :ɔ, ɑ:, u) are associated with smth. dark, unpleasant.

38. Sound symbolism. It’s a use of words who’s sounds imitate various sounds produced in nature by natural phenomena, birds, animals, people & machine. It may be of 2 types: direct & indirect. Direct s/s is created by words which directly imitate natural sounds by their sound form. F.e., buzz, hiss, bang, crash, clap. Indirect s/s is created by several words which occur within one sen-ce. They’re repeated sounds or sound classes are suggestive of the m-g of the sen-ce. They either imitate the sounds & noises that the sen-ce tells about or emphasizes the created idea or image. S/s resembles alliteration, but the difference b/n them is that the symbolic nature of alliteration must be interpreted & deciphered while s/s usually names the described notion directly.

39. Rhythm. R. is created by regular alternation of str. and unstr. syllables in equal poetic lines which form a verse. Verse is the form of literary composition in which rhythms are rendered systematic by means of metre and metre is determined by the relationship b/n accented & unaccented syllables. The main unit which is used for measure metre is called a foot. The foot is a unit which consists of one stressed syllable & one or more unstr. syllables. They’re 5 basic feet: 1) iambus _ ^ | _^; 2) trochee ^ _ | ^ _; 3) dactyl ^ _ _ | ^ _ _; 4) amphibrach _ ^ _ | _ ^ _; 5) anapest _ _ ^ | _ _ ^. The most widely used feet in eng. are anapest & iambus.

40. Rhyme. It’s a repetition of identical or similar final sounds of words. In poetry rhyme serves to bind lines together into larger units of composition. R. can be classified: I. acc. to the similarity of final sounds: a) full rhyme b) incomplete/ imperfect rhyme. In full rhyme the vowels & following cons-ts are identical in stressed syllables. F.e. arms, harms; wonder, thunder. Imperfect rhyme can be subdivided into vowel rhyme, consonant rhyme & eye rhyme. In vowel rhyme vowels are identical, cons-ts are not (flesh-fresh-fles). In cons-t rhyme cons-ts are identical, vowels not (turn-torn-tone). In eye rhyme the spelling is identical, the pronunciation is different (love-prove, brood-flood). II. acc. to the structure: a) masculine b) feminine. In masc. rhymes the final str. syll-s of words rhyme together (surmount-discount). In femin. rhyme the final 2 syll-s rhyme together & the first one is stressed (delightful-frightful).

Rhymes can be arranged acc. to the following patterns in a stanza. It’s the largest recurring unit in a verse which expresses a complete thought. It’s characterized by equal number of lines, a certain type of metre & a certain rhyme pattern. Types of stanza: 1) couplet rh. aabb; 2) cross rh. abab; 3) ring rh. abba; 4) inner rh. which occurs in longer lines of verse which are broken in two and the final words of the two parts rhyme together within a line.

Date: 2015-01-02; view: 887