ANTICLIMAX – a device contrary to gradation.

2 types:

1) emotional & logical importance go down gradually

2) the expressiveness first start growing, then the tension is unexpectedly broken & brought dawn. Such a sudden fall from the most significant point to its reverse usually produces a humorous or ironic effect. (I was obliged to call on dear Lady Harbury. I hadn't been there since her poor husband's death. I never saw a woman so altered; she looks quite twenty years younger).

A-x usually produces an effect of defeated expectancy.

(34) ANTITHESIS is a figure of speech which consists of several clauses, sentences in which one thing or idea is contrasted to its opposite. A-s is usually created with the help of parallel constructions & contextual antonym. Parallelism makes the opposed ideas more conspicuous.(I have walked into that reading room a happy healthy man, I crawled out a decrepit wreck.)

The function of A-s is to compare things, actions or qualities by contrasting them to each other emphasizing their differences. (Crabbed age and youth cannot live together: Youth is full of pleasure, age is full of care; Youth like summer morn, age like winter weather; Youth like summer brave, age like winter bare.)

Besides, A-s may characterize the complex single phenomena which has a complicated inner structure: *ambivalent desires, *clash of feelings & ideas inside one person. (It was the best of times, it was the worst of times, it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness, it was the epoch of belief, it was the epoch of incredulity, it was the season of Light, it was the season of Darkness, it was the spring of hope, it was the winter of despair, we had everything before us, we had nothing before us.)

(35) RHETORICAL QUESTION is one of the types of transposition of syntactical units. Transposition can be understood as changing functions of syntactical units, that is a positive sentence is used in the function of the question has the meaning of a statement. RQ is a statement in the form of a question.

The functions of a RQ may be varied. It may serve as an inducement(побуждение). RQ may also express a positive or a negative statement. (Did I say a word about money? Isn’t that too bad?)

RQ is a characteristic of a publicistic style where they are widely used in the newspaper lines. Besides, very often the speech begins with a series of RQ which serve to attract the audience’s attention & make them interested. (Our brethren are already in the field! Why stand we here idle? What is it that gentlemen wish? What would they have?)

In fiction RQ occur in dialogues where they represent the process of reasoning of the character.

(36) FREE INDIRECT DISCOURCE (FID) – a way of rendering character’s speech. Traditionally in fiction 2 methods of representing speech are direct & indirect.

Direct speech is the exact reproduction of what the person says.

Indirect speech is retelling what a person says & it’s not as exact as direct speech. There are some grammatical changes & substitutions …

Besides speech representation, it’s possible to speak about thought representation.

2 methods: direct thought & indirect thought.

Besides these traditional methods there is the one which combines features of direct & indirect speech and thought representation.

Features of direct speech: *syntactical independence of sentences. Sentences & their structure is not changed. They remain as they usually are in their direct form. *The use of questions, exclamations, emotional words, contrasted form of modal verbs; elliptical sentences, breaks-in-the-narrations. *The word-order is not changed

Features of indirect speech: *the pronouns are shifted into the 3d person singular, *the rule of sequence of tenses is observed.

FID had 2 subtypes:

1) Free Indirect Speech

2) Free Indirect Thought.

FIS is not marked in any way. Sometimes, a whole dialogue may be interwoven with the narration.

FIT renders the character’s thoughts. This type is more frequently used by writers than the 1^st type. It’s a combination of the author’s narration with the character’s thinking, the discloses of inner working of a human mind. It enables writer to convey in a realistic way the psychological state of its character’s feelings & emotions. Besides, FIT produces a great effect on a reader, who can view the events through character’s perception.

Date: 2015-01-02; view: 908