Improvised Explosive Device. Initiation System

The term Improvised Explosive Device comes from the British Army in the 1970s, after the Provisional Irish Republican Army (IRA) used bombs made from agricultural fertilizer and semtex smuggled from Libya to make highly effective boobytrap devices or remote-controlled bombs. An IED is a bomb fabricated in an improvised manner incorporating destructive, lethal, noxious, pyrotechnic, or incendiary chemicals and designed to destroy or incapacitate personnel or vehicles. In some cases, IEDs are used to distract, disrupt, or delay an opposing force, facilitating another type of attack. IEDs may incorporate military or commercially sourced explosives, and often combine both types, or they may otherwise be made with homemade explosives (HME).

An IED has five components: a switch (activator), an initiator (fuse), container (body), charge (explosive), and a power source (battery). An IED designed for use against armored targets such as personnel carriers or tanks will be designed for armour penetration, by using either a shaped charge or an explosively formed penetrator. IEDs are extremely diverse in design, and may contain many types of initiators, detonators, penetrators, and explosive loads. Antipersonnel IEDs typically also contain fragmentation-generating objects such as nails, ball bearings or even small rocks to cause wounds at greater distances than blast-pressure alone could. IEDs are triggered by various methods, including remote control, infra-red or magnetic triggers, pressure-sensitive bars or trip wires (victim-operated). In some cases, multiple IEDs are wired together in a daisy-chain, to attack a convoy of vehicles spread out along a roadway.

Initiation system

Wire

Command-wire improvised, explosive devices (CWIED) use an electrical firing cable that affords the user complete control over the device right up until the moment of initiation.

Radio

The trigger for a radio-controlled improvised explosive device (RCIED) is controlled by radio link. The device is constructed so that the receiver is connected to an electrical firing circuit and the transmitter operated by the perpetrator at a distance, A signal from the transmitter causes the receiver to trigger a firing pulse that operates the switch. Usually the switch fires an initiator; however, the output may also be used to remotely arm an explosive circuit. Often the transmitter and receiver operate on a matched coding system that prevents the RCIED from being initiated by spurious radio frequency signals. An RCIED can be triggered from any number of different mechanisms including car alarms, wireless door bells, cell phones, pagers and encrypted GMRS radios.

Cell phone

A radio-controlled IED (RCIED) incorporating a cell phone that is modified and connected to an electrical firing circuit. Cell phones operate in the UHF band in line of sight with base transceiver station (BTS) antennae sites. In the common scenario, receipt of a paging signal by phone is sufficient to initiate the IED firing circuit.

Victim-operated

Victim-operated improvised explosive devices (VOIED) are designed to function upon contact with a victim; also known as booby traps. VOIED switches are often well hidden from the victim or disguised as innocuous everyday objects. They are operated by means of movement. Switching methods include tripwire, pressure mats, spring-loaded release, push, pull or tilt. Common forms of VOIED include the under-vehicle IED (UVIED) and improvised landmines.

Infrared

The British accused Iran and Hezbollah of teaching Iraqi fighters to use infrared light beams to trigger IEDs. As the occupation forces became more sophisticated in interrupting radio signals around their convoys, the insurgents adapted their triggering methods.[41] In some cases, when a more advanced method was disrupted, the insurgents regressed to using interruptible means, such as hard wires from the IED to detonator; however, this method is much harder to effectively conceal. It later emerged however, that these so-called "advanced" IEDs were actually old IRA technology. The infrared beam method was perfected by the IRA in the early '90s after it acquired the technology from a botched undercover British Army operation. Many of the IEDs being used against Coalition forces in Iraq were originally developed by the British Army who unintentionally passed the information on to the IRA.[42] The IRA taught their techniques to the Palestine Liberation Organisation and the knowledge spread to Iraq.[43]

Surgically implanted

In May 2012 American counter-terrorism officials leaked their acquisition of documents describing the preparation and use of surgically implanted improvised explosive devices.[44][45][46] The devices were designed to evade detection. The devices were described as containing no metal, so they could not be detected by xrays.

Security officials referred to bombs being surgically implanted into suicide bomber's "love handles".[44] In August 2009 Abdullah al-Asiri, the younger brother of Ibrahim al-Asiri, Al Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula's chief bomb-maker tried to assassinate a Saudi prince with bomb inserted up his anus. That effort was a failure, inflicting relatively slight wounds on the prince.

According to The Daily Mirror UK security officials at MI-6 asserted that female bombers could travel undetected carrying the explosive chemicals in otherwise standard breast implants.

The bomber would blow up the implanted explosives by injecting a chemical trigger

24. Types of security emergencies. Need for effective emergency response. Deficiencies in management.

25. Response actions in case of bomb threat against aircraft on the ground and in flight

• Types of Emergencies;

− Emergencies involving aircraft (on-aerodrome, off-aerodrome or in-flight);

− Emergencies not involving aircraft (Fire – structural Sabotage including bomb

threat, Natural disaster, Dangerous goods, Medical emergencies); or

− Combination of these emergencies

• Agencies Involved in an Aerodrome Emergency (internal and external the aerodrome)

• Responsibilities and Role of Each Agency for Each type of Emergency.

26. Response actions in case of bomb threat against airline facilities

Same as 25

28. Hijacking response

Aircraft hijacking (also known as skyjacking and sky controlling) is the unlawful seizure of an aircraft by an individual or a group. In most cases, the pilot is forced to fly according to the orders of the hijackers. Occasionally, however, the hijackers have flown the aircraft themselves. In at least one case, a plane was hijacked by the official pilot.

Unlike the typical hijackings of land vehicles or ships, skyjacking is not usually committed for robbery or theft. Most aircraft hijackers intend to use the passengers as hostages, either for monetary ransom or for some political or administrative concession by authorities. Motives vary from demanding the release of certain inmates (notably IC-814) to highlighting the grievances of a particular community (notably AF 8969). Hijackers also have used aircraft as a weapon to target particular locations.

Hijackings for hostages commonly produce an armed standoff during a period of negotiation between hijackers and authorities, followed by some form of settlement. Settlements do not always meet the hijackers' original demands. If the hijackers' demands are deemed too great and the perpetrators show no inclination to surrender, authorities sometimes employ armed special forces to attempt a rescue of the hostages (notably Operation Entebbe)

29.Definition of Standart:

any specification for physical characteristics, configuration, materiel, performance, the uniform application of which is recognized as necessary for the safety or regularity of international air navigation and to which Contracting States will conform in accordance with the Convention;in the event of impossibility of compliance, notification to the Council is compulsory under Article 38 of the Convention

30. Definition of Recommended Practice:

any specification for physical characteristics, configuration, materiel,performance, personnel or procedure, the uniform application of which is recognized as desirable in the interests of safety, regularity or efficiency of international air navigation, and to which Contracting States will endeavor to conform in accordance with the Convention.

31.Acts of unlawful interference:

· Unlawful seizure of aircraft

· Destruction of an aircraft in service

· Hostage-taking on board aircraft or on aerodromes

· Introduction on board and aircraft or an airport of a weapon or hazardous device or material intended for criminal purposes

· Use of aircraft in service for the purpose of causing death, seriously bodily injury, or serious damage to property or to the environment

· Communication of false information such as to jeopardize the safety of an aircraft in flight or on the ground, passengers, crew, ground personnel of the general public, at an airport or on the promises of a civil aviation facility

32. A bomb threat

A bomb threat is legally defined as the communication through the use of mail, telephone, telegram, or other instrument of commerce; the willful making of any threat; or the malicious conveyance of false information knowing the same to be false which concerns an attempt being made, or to be made; to kill, injure, intimidate any individual; or unlawfully to damage or destroy any building, vehicle, or other real or personal property by means of an explosive.

33. Sabotage definition

An act or omission intended to cause malicious or wanton destruction of property, endangering or resulting in unlawful interference with international civil aviation and its facilities.

34. Definition of Aviation Security

An act or omission intended to cause malicious or wanton destruction of property, endangering or resulting in unlawful interference with international civil aviation and its facilities.

35. Restricted area

Those areas of the airside of an airport which are identified as priority risk areas where in addition to access control, other security controls are applied. Such areas will normally include, inter alia, all commercial aviation passenger departure areas between the screening checkpoint and the aircraft, the ramp, the baggage make-up areas, including those where aircraft being brought into service and screened baggage and cargo are present, cargo sheds, mail centers, airside catering and aircraft cleaning services.

36. Public area (landside)

Landside - That area of an airport and buildings to which both travelling passengers and the non-travelling public have unrestricted access. (See also Non-restricted area.) Non-restricted area - Areas of an airport to which the public have access or to which access is otherwise unrestricted.

Recommended Practice 4.8, according to which “Each Contracting State should ensure that security measures in landside areas are established to mitigate possible threats of acts of unlawful interference in accordance with a risk assessment carried out by the relevant authorities.”

In terms of organizing public policies, landside security involves issues of interagency coordination as well as airport governance: the same issue of coordination but at the local level and with the necessary involvement of actors which are not only public but also private.

37.weapon

ICAO deals with ammunition in the annex 18 (ICAO TI) and with the weapons (incl. weapons of body guards) in annex 17.

ENTRY in the manual:

• Cargo Shipments of ammunitions have to be transported in full compliance with the ICAO TIs.

• Sporting Weapons and ammunition in passenger baggage:

Weapons and ammunition must be transported as checked baggage and/or stowed in the airplane in a place that is inaccessible to passengers during flight.

• Sporting rifles/shotguns, hunting rifles, sporting pistols/revolvers must be suitably packed in containers made of wood, metal, fibre, styropor etc.

They must be checked for strength before accepted for transportation.

• Ammunition are subject to the provisions of ICAO TI Part 8 Chapter 1.1.2 n) (OM-A Chapter 9.x Dangerous goods that may be carried by passengers and crew).

• Crew Regulation: The flight personnel is not allowed to carry private weapons while on duty.

Date: 2015-01-02; view: 1153