National Aviation Security Program. Key elements

The Civil Aviation Safety Regulations of 1981 Section 4 (1) provides that the Chief Civil Aviation Safety shall draw up a comprehensive safety plan.

The appropriate authority for security must require operators providing service from the state to implement a security programme that meets the requirements of the state's National civil aviation security programme. To confirm that an operators programme does meet these requirements, operators are required to submit a written copy of their security programme to the Civil Aviation Security Department for review and approval by the Minister.

The National Aviation Safety Plan shall provide for the following;

The establishment of a central control centre to establish communication with airport management's and air carriers;

Liaison with international organization concerning matters of civil aviation security;

Liaison with government departments concerning matters of civil aviation seriate;

Involvement of airport management's and air carriers in the application of a comprehensive aviation security committee;

Efficient methods of communication between all bodies responsible for civil aviation security;

Preventative measures in general to prevent occurrences jeorpadising civil aviation safety;

The integration of safety plans drawn up by airport management and air carriers in such comprehensive plan.

20. Classification of prohibited items. Weapon and Dangerous articles. Examples

More than half of the cargo carried by all modes of transport in the world is dangerous cargo – explosive, corrosive, flammable, toxic and even radioactive. These dangerous goods are essential for a wide variety of global industrial, commercial, medical and research requirements and processes

21. Classification of prohibited items. Explosives

The ICAO requirements for the safe handling of dangerous goods firstly identify a limited list of those substances which are unsafe to carry in any circumstances and then show how other potentially dangerous articles or substances can be transported safely. The nine hazard classes are those determined by the United Nations Committee of Experts and are used for all modes of transport. Class 1 includes explosives of all kinds, such as sporting ammunition, fireworks and signal flares.

22. Explosive materials and Initiators

An explosive material, also called an explosive, is a reactive substance that contains a great amount of potential energy that can produce an explosion if released suddenly, usually accompanied by the production of light, heat, sound, and pressure. An explosive charge is a measured quantity of explosive material.

This potential energy stored in an explosive material may be

chemical energy, such as nitroglycerin or grain dust

pressurized gas, such as a gas cylinder or aerosol can.

nuclear energy, such as in the fissile isotopes uranium-235 and plutonium-239

Explosive materials may be categorized by the speed at which they expand. Materials that detonate (explode faster than the speed of sound) are said to be "high explosives" and materials that deflagrate are said to be "low explosives". Explosives may also be categorized by their sensitivity. Sensitive materials that can be initiated by a relatively small amount of heat or pressure are primary explosives and materials that are relatively insensitive are secondary or Tertiary explosives.

Initiation system

Wire

Command-wire improvised, explosive devices (CWIED) use an electrical firing cable that affords the user complete control over the device right up until the moment of initiation.

Radio

The trigger for a radio-controlled improvised explosive device (RCIED) is controlled by radio link. The device is constructed so that the receiver is connected to an electrical firing circuit and the transmitter operated by the perpetrator at a distance, A signal from the transmitter causes the receiver to trigger a firing pulse that operates the switch. Usually the switch fires an initiator; however, the output may also be used to remotely arm an explosive circuit. Often the transmitter and receiver operate on a matched coding system that prevents the RCIED from being initiated by spurious radio frequency signals. An RCIED can be triggered from any number of different mechanisms including car alarms, wireless door bells, cell phones, pagers and encrypted GMRS radios.

Cell phone

A radio-controlled IED (RCIED) incorporating a cell phone that is modified and connected to an electrical firing circuit. Cell phones operate in the UHF band in line of sight with base transceiver station (BTS) antennae sites. In the common scenario, receipt of a paging signal by phone is sufficient to initiate the IED firing circuit.

Victim-operated

Victim-operated improvised explosive devices (VOIED) are designed to function upon contact with a victim; also known as booby traps. VOIED switches are often well hidden from the victim or disguised as innocuous everyday objects. They are operated by means of movement. Switching methods include tripwire, pressure mats, spring-loaded release, push, pull or tilt. Common forms of VOIED include the under-vehicle IED (UVIED) and improvised landmines.

Infrared

The British accused Iran and Hezbollah of teaching Iraqi fighters to use infrared light beams to trigger IEDs. As the occupation forces became more sophisticated in interrupting radio signals around their convoys, the insurgents adapted their triggering methods.[41] In some cases, when a more advanced method was disrupted, the insurgents regressed to using interruptible means, such as hard wires from the IED to detonator; however, this method is much harder to effectively conceal. It later emerged however, that these so-called "advanced" IEDs were actually old IRA technology. The infrared beam method was perfected by the IRA in the early '90s after it acquired the technology from a botched undercover British Army operation. Many of the IEDs being used against Coalition forces in Iraq were originally developed by the British Army who unintentionally passed the information on to the IRA.[42] The IRA taught their techniques to the Palestine Liberation Organisation and the knowledge spread to Iraq.[43]

Surgically implanted

In May 2012 American counter-terrorism officials leaked their acquisition of documents describing the preparation and use of surgically implanted improvised explosive devices.[44][45][46] The devices were designed to evade detection. The devices were described as containing no metal, so they could not be detected by xrays.

Security officials referred to bombs being surgically implanted into suicide bomber's "love handles".[44] In August 2009 Abdullah al-Asiri, the younger brother of Ibrahim al-Asiri, Al Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula's chief bomb-maker tried to assassinate a Saudi prince with bomb inserted up his anus. That effort was a failure, inflicting relatively slight wounds on the prince.

According to The Daily Mirror UK security officials at MI-6 asserted that female bombers could travel undetected carrying the explosive chemicals in otherwise standard breast implants.

The bomber would blow up the implanted explosives by injecting a chemical trigger

Date: 2015-01-02; view: 1107