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The Renaissance PeriodThe Coming of the Renaissance · The Renaissance was a flowering of literary, artistic and intellectual development that began in Italy in the fourteenth century. · It was inspired by the arts and scholarship of ancient Greece and Rome, which were rediscovered during the Crusades The Age of Exploration · Crusades opened routes to Asia soon monopolized by Italian merchants. · Columbus’s discovery of the New World in 1492--colonization · Invention of printing made books more available · 1497—Italian-born John Cabot reached Newfoundland (an island off the coast of Canada) and perhaps the mainland The Protestant Reformation: Questioning the Catholic Church · Complaints: the sale of indulgences, payment to the church (like taxes)… Martin Luther · German monk Martin Luther nailed a list of dissenting beliefs (“ninety-five theses) to the door of a German church. · The intent was to reform the Catholic Church, but actually divided the church and introducing Protestantism. · Division of Protestants—Lutherans and Calvinists (Puritans and Presbyterian sects) Tudor England · Tudor dynasty ruled from 1485-1603. Time of stability and economic expansion · London a metropolis of 180,000 people Henry VII (1457 –1509)- First Tudor monarch, Inherited an England depleted by civil war. · Before his death in 1509, he rebuilt the treasury and established law and order. Henry VIII (1491 -1547) · Catholic. Relationship with the Pope did not last · Marriage to Catherine of Aragon produced no male heir · Henry tried to obtain an annulment to marry Anne Boleyn. · The Pope refused, but Henry married anyway Henry’s Break with the Church · Henry’s defiance led to an open break with the Roman Catholic Church. · Henry became the head of the Anglican Church (the new Church of England). · He seized Church property and dissolved the monasteries. · Henry used ruthless measures to suppress opposition. · He even had his former friend and advisor, Thomas More, executed, because More refused to renounce his faith. · Henry married six times. · His first two marriages (Catherine and Anne) produced two daughters, Mary and Elizabeth. Edward VI (1537 -1553) · Became King at 9; died a 15 (1553). English replaced Latin in church. Bloody Mary (Tudor) 1516-1558 · Mary I, Edward’s half sister; a Catholic · Mary married her Spanish cousin, Phillip II, making England a part of the powerful Spanish state. · Mary also persecuted Protestants: she ordered the execution of some 200 Protestants during her reign, strengthening anti-Catholic sentiment in England
Elizabeth I (1533(15330907) 1603) · After Mary’s five year reign, her half-sister, Elizabeth came to the throne. · Elizabeth was the last of the Tudors, dying unmarried and childless. Elizabeth received a Renaissance education, became a patron of the arts, and Elizabethan came to describe the English Renaissance at its height. Ended religious turmoil · This cleverness allowed England a period of peace and allowed commercial and maritime interests to prosper. Mary Stuart (1542- 1587) · Elizabeth’s Catholic cousin, Mary Stuart; queen of Scotland by birth and next in line to the British throne (granddaughter of Henry VII) · Catholics did not recognize Henry VIII’s marriage to Anne Boleyn, Elizabeth’s mother, and considered Mary Stuart the queen. · Mary was a prisoner of England for 19 years and the center of numerous plots on Elizabeth’s life. · Eventually Mary was convicted of plotting to murder Elizabeth and went to the block in 1587, a Catholic martyr. · “In my end is my beginning”—Mary’s death (she was beheaded) led Catholic Spain to declare war on England. England vs. Spain · Spain rejected English claims in America and resented the fact that English privateers had been attacking and plundering Spanish ships. · Privateers like John Hawkins and Francis Drake operated “on their own,” but were really under the authority of Queen Elizabeth. The Spanish Armada · After Mary’s execution, King Phillip II prepared a Spanish armada of 130 warships to attack England. · In 1588, English sailors defeated the Armada in the English Channel. · This event marked the decline of Spain and the rise of England as a great sea power From Tudors to Stuarts · Elizabeth’s death marked the end of the Tudor dynasty. · To avoid civil strife, Elizabeth named King James VI of Scotland her successor (son of Mary Stuart). · James was a Protestant. · The reign of James I (1603-1625) is now known as the Jacobean Era King James I (1566-(15660619)1625) · Strong supporter of the arts · Furthered England’s position as a world power · Sponsored the establishment of the first English colony in America—Jamestown · Believed in “divine right” monarchy and had contempt for Parliament (power struggle) · Persecuted Puritans (House of Commons)—James’s persecution prompted a group of Puritans to establish Plymouth colony in 1621 The English Renaissance · Architects designed beautiful mansions · Composers wrote new hymns for Anglican service and popularized the English madrigal · Renaissance painters and sculptors moved to England (Hans Holbein the Younger was court painter to Henry VIII) · Opened public schools (like private secondary schools today) · Improvements at Oxford and Cambridge The Renaissance literature
Date: 2015-01-02; view: 1382
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