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Form-words used in their strong formsTHEORETICAL PHONETICS Lecture 13. Strong and weak forms of words Strong and weak forms q In English there are certain words which have two forms of pronunciation: (1) strong, or full, form, and (2) weak, or reduced, form.
He will do it. [↘hi: wil du: it] (and nobody else) Notional parts of speech q The notional parts of speech are usually not reduced in unstressed positions, although there are some compound words in which their second element has been reduced, e.g. sixpence [‘sikspәns], gooseberry [‘guzbәri]. q There are three degrees of reduction of strong forms: 1) The first degree consists in reducing the length of a vowel without changing its quality (quantitative reduction). Cf. (p. 186) strong forms weak forms for [fͻ:] [fͻ] you [ju:] [ju] he [hi:] [hi] Continuation – 1 2. The second degree of reduction consists in changing the quality of a vowel (qualitative reduction). Cf. Strong forms Weak forms for [fͻ:] [fә] at [æt] [әt] can [kæn] [kәn] Cf. I’ll do it for him. [ail ↘du: it fͻ: him] I’ll do it for Ann. [ail ‘du: it fәr ↘æn]
He will go there. [↘hi: wil gou ðεә] He will go to the cinema. [hi wil ‘gou tә ðә ↘sinimә]
(5) continuation -2 (p. 187) 3. The third degree of reduction consists in the omission of a vowel or consonant sound (zero reduction). Cf. Strong forms Weak forms (zero reduction)
from [frͻm] [frm] of [ͻv] [v] (vowels are can [kæn] [kn], [kŋ] omitted) is [iz] [s], [z] shall [∫æl] [∫l] must [mʌst] [mst]
him [him] [im] his [hiz] [iz] (consonants must [mʌst] [mәs] are omitted) had [hæd] [әd] have [hæv] [әv] has [hæz] [әz]
has [hæz] [z], [s] have [hæv] [v] (both vowels and had [hæd] [d] consonants are will [wil] [l] omitted) would [wud] [d] Form-words used in their strong forms
1) Prepositions have their strong forms: (a) when they are final, e.g. Do you know where I come from? [‘du: ju ‘nou wεәr ↗ai kʌm frͻm] (p. 191) (b) when they are followed by an unstressed personal pronoun at the end of a sense-group or a sentence, e.g. She was not listening to him. [∫i wәz ‘nͻt ↘lisniŋ tu: him] 2) Auxiliary and modal verbs, as well as the link-verb to be, have their strong forms at the end of a sense-group or a sentence, e.g. (p. 192) Who is absent to-day? Ann is. [‘hu: iz ↘æbsәnt tәdei |↘æn iz] 3) The indefinite pronoun “some in the meaning of “certain” has always strong form, even when it is unstressed, e.g. For some reason they call it the Circle. [fә sʌm ‘ri:zn ðei ‘kͻ:l it ðә ↘sә:kl] q There are some form-words which are never reduced. They are: which, what, where, on, in, with, then, when, how. Date: 2015-12-18; view: 2121
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