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Listen and read an extract from the presentation. Write the expressions that the speakers use to restate what they have said in a new way.In his last will, Alfred Nobel left more than 90% of his estate — (1) ________, almost his entire fortune — to establish the Nobel Prizes for “those who, during the preceding year shall have conferred the greatest benefit on mankind.” (2) ________, he wanted to give awards each year to people who had done something important and good for the world. The awards are given in the following disciplines: medicine, chemistry, literature, peace, and physics. There’s also a prize for economics that carries Nobel’s name, but it was established much later and is not truly a Nobel Prize. (3) ________, it was not one of the prizes that Alfred Nobel himself founded. Thank you, Robbie. The process for determining the recipients begins more than one year before the awards are actually handed out. (4) ________, a committee begins to think about possible candidates each fall, and then the prizes are finally handed out to the winners in the
9.3 For more practice use the video about Nicola Tesla. Check your understanding answering the following questions:
Unit 10. The End of Empire: Montezuma and Cortes
10.1 Lecture. The End of Empire: Montezuma and Cortes
A. Pre-listening Activities
Preview of Content
The Aztec Empire of Mexico was one of the most powerful, culturally advanced empires of the fifteenth and sixteenth century world. And yet, in slightly less than two years, this mighty empire was conquered by a small band of treasure-seeking Spanish adventurers. Why did this happen? What factors entered into the downfall of this mighty empire and led to the destruction of such a sophisticated New World culture? In a few minutes we'll take a look at some of the most obvious factors that led to the fall of the great empire of Montezuma.
Lecture Outline – A Topic Outline
I. Extent and Power of the Aztec Empire A. Subjugation of area Indians B. Extension of empire from Mexico City to Guatemala C. Human sacrifices to Aztec gods D. Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan 1. Largest city in sixteenth-century world 2. Military fortress 3. Effective military intelligence system
II. Conquest of Aztec Empire A. Forewarning of Spanish invasion 1. Appearance of white, bearded men 2. Legend of Aztec god Quetzalcoatl 3. Cortes thought to be Quetzalcoatl by Montezuma 4. Spanish gathering of Indian allies B. Defeat of the Aztecs 1. Invasion of the city and capture of the king 2. Aztec rebellion against the conquerors 3. Death of Montezuma 4. Destruction of the capital 5. Slaughter of the Indians
III. Factors in the Downfall of the Aztecs A. Fear of the supernatural B. Role of La Malinche, the Indian woman C. Cortes's use of Indian allies D. Spaniards' superior weaponry E. Spaniards' greed
IV. Fusion of Indian and European Cultures Creating the Republic of Mexico Date: 2015-12-18; view: 793
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winter of the following year. There are sometimes as many as 250 candidates for a particular award; however, the nominees have no idea that they have been nominated, and they are often surprised to find out that they have won. Each winner receives a certificate and a medal. Each winner is awarded a little over 1 million dollars, as well. Winners often donate the money to projects or causes that are important to them, but this isn’t required. (5) ________, they can keep the money if they want to. Another interesting fact is that it’s not customary to make awards posthumously. (6) ________, Nobel Prize winners must still be living at the time that the awards are announced.