Analysis and Discussion

The Likability Sweepstakes

1. In the age of television, the images of
candidates are more important than issues.
At the beginning of the 1988 presidential
campaign, Bush was seen as awkward,
wimpish, maladroit, goofy and lacking
charisma, whereas Dukakis was characterized
as competent, soulless, reserved, tough and
hard. How did the image-makers remodel
their candidates to make them appear more
likeable and appealing to a vast TV audience?

2. How useful then are televised presidential
debates?

3. The quotation from Arthur Miller's Death of
Salesman underlines the American belief that
being well-liked is an important key to
success. Do you share this view?

4. To what extent do you think the likability
■ factor decides elections in your country?

Comment

Dilemmas

1. Which cases mentioned in the opinion poll
did the respondents find the most
objectionable and which the least
objectionable? How do you account for the
results of this opinion poll?

2. If you were an editor, how would you react
in each of the situations described?

3. Do you know any similar cases that actually
happened in the U.S.A., any other country or
your own country?

278 AMERICA IN CLOSE-UP

Some Facts about the States

'Density: persons per square mile of land area

PRESIDENTS AND VICE-PRESIDENTS OF THE UNITED STATES 279

Presidents and Vice-Presidents of the United States

Index

abortion issue 759, 220 abundance 27 abstract expressionism 228 achievement 292 Adams, J.T. 29 aerobics 245 affirmative action 723 affluence 59 Afghanistan 776 AFL - CIO 65, 146 Age Discrimination Act 115 agribusiness 63 agriculture 50, 63, 73 Ailey, Alvin 231 air-conditioning 49 amendment to the

Constitution 222 amendment I 220 amendment II 106 amendment VIII 107 amendment XIII 112 American culture 184 American dream 18, 29,

32, 35, 217 American Independent

Party 148 American Indian

Movement 7 75 Americanization 46, 185 American Medical

Association 746 A Nation at Risk 192 antebellum South 57 anti-Communism 774, 181 anti-feminism 737 architecture 50, 87, 93 Arizona 46 arms control 762, 276 Armstrong, Louis 229 arts 225

assimilation 75, 772 Associated Press 262 Atlanta 48, 84 automation 65

balance of power 173, 774 balance of trade 273 ballet 232 Baltimore 48 baseball 245, 247, 252 basketball 246, 247, 248,

249, 252 Beacon Hill 83 Bellow, Saul 81 Bernstein, Leonard 18,

229

bilingualism 774 Bill of Rights 25, 97, 143 blacks 77, 81, 772 blues 45, 228 boarding school 777 boards of education 790

Boone, Daniel 26 Boston 48, 83, 85

boxing 247

Brezhnev, Leonid Ilyrich

Broadway 233 Brown v. Board of Education

108, 109, 113, 191 Buddhism 206, 213 budget deficit 62 Burger, Warren Earl 99 burglary 99 Bush, George 253, 762,

264, 274

business 84, 146 bussing 797

cabinet 244

cable television 265

Calder, Alexander 227,

228

California 45, 55 Capra, Frank 232 career 233

career woman 233, 236 Carnegie, Andrew 64 car racing 247 Carter, Jimmy 262, 776,

Catholic bishops 218 Catholic Church 272, 278 Catholicism 22 2, 272 Central America 276 Central Intelligence Agency

(CIA) 276

chamber of commerce 246 Chavez, Cesar 222 checks and balances 244 cheerleaders 247, 249 Chicago 25, 46, 82 Chicanos 727 child care 732, 232 children 227, 737 church 206, 272, 275 church attendance 205,

206, 212

church buildings 205 city 75, 79, 82

crime 203, 705

planning 83, 84, 87, 93 civil rights legislation 7 73 civil rights movement 7 73,

Civil War 25, 44, 49, 112 class 46, 65, 162 Cleveland 85 climate 43, 47 coaches 250 cold war 274 college 43, 48, 189, 200,

college sports 248, 251 colonialism 30 colonies 23 commercial broadcasting

262, 264

communication 67, 262 communism 274, 275 community 89 commuting 83 - competition 59, 62, 262 computer 67, 196 Confederacy 49 congregation 275 Congregationalist church

277 Congress 242, 247, 754,

764 congressional committee

743, 757 conservatism 29, 45, 59,

159 Constitution 25, 97, 142,

145, 151, 263 containment 174 convention 262 corporation 47, 64, 67, 70,

73, 93

counseling 296 country club 246 country music 45 country-western 229 courts 97, 99 crime 28, 88, 97, 99

prevention 200

rate 99 criminal 200 Crocket, Davy 26 Cuban missile crisis 275 cultural diversity 25 cultural identity 2 24 culture 225 curriculum 290

Dale, Sir Thomas 27 death penalty 200, 206 Declaration of

Independence 26, 31,

112

Decter, Midge 132 defense 262, 272, 277 de Kooning, Willem 227,

228 Democratic Party 45, 146,

148, 262, 264 democratic values 273 departments 244 Depression, Great 73, 160 desegregation 223, 292,

detente 276 deterioration 82, 83 Detroit 82, 85

Dewey, John 26 dialect, Southern 45 disabled, the 225 discipline 295, 298, 299 discrimination 15, 18, 25,

112, 115

do-it-yourselfer 27 dollar, role of 272 downtown 84 Dixie 49, 50 Dukakis, Michael 274 Duncan, Isadora 232 Dylan, Bob 232

ecology 75, 157 economic aid 273, 275 economic interests 273 Economic Opportunity Act

economic strength 272 economy 59, 160, 262, 764 editorials 263 education 2 27, 734, 788,

200, 251

educational ideal 290 educational philosophies

egalitarianism 207 Eisenhower, Dwight D.

709, 775, 274 elderly, the 7 75, 722 election campaign 48, 133,

148, 161, 162, 274 electronic church 274 Ellington, Duke 229 Emerson, Ralph Waldo 26 entertainment 55, 225, 264 entrepreneur 64, 66 Episcopal church 22 2 equality 228, 279 Equal Pay Act 728 equal rights 722 Equal Rights Act 128 Equal Rights Amendment

(ERA) 52, 130, 133 ethnic minorities 112 ethnicity 14, 15, 19, 81 European Economic

Community 64 evangelical movement 223 evangelism 223, 220 examinations 294, 297 excellence 293 executive branch 244

Falwell, Jerry 223, 220

family 232, 733, 734, 735

farmer 73

farmland 46

fast food 70

Faulkner, William 45, 50

federalism 242

INDEX 281

Federal-Communications

Commission 264 federal land 757 female-headed household

feminism 728, 133, 134 fencing 247 Ferraro, Geraldine 129 film 232, 237, 240 film director 237 film making 237, 240 film producer 237 fitness 245, 254 Fitzgerald, F. Scott 117,

119

folk music 45 football 245, 251 Ford, Gerald 263 Ford, Henry 64 foreign affairs 160 foreign investment 772 foreign policy 161, 164,

173, 179

foreign trade 272 Founding Fathers 25, 59,

112

free enterprise 59, 64 freedom 25, 59, 173, 179,

181, 216

freedom of the press 263 Friedan, Betty 228 frontier 26 Frostbelt 47 fruit picking 720 Fuller, Margaret 26 fundamentalism 734, 273 fund-raising 220

Gallup poll 252, 253 gentrification S3 Georgetown 83 Gershwin, George 229 Gibson, Kirk 247 Gillespie, "Dizzy" 229 Goetz, Bernhard 702, 705 Gold water, Barry 249 golf 247

Gorbachev, Mikhail 178 government 37, 46, 59,

742, 767, 762 Graham, Martha 237 graphic arts 227, 228 Great Depression 73, 160 Great Lakes 43, 46 growth 47 gun control 702, 705 gymnastics 247

Hammerstein, Oscar 229 handguns, registration of

handicapped, the 792 Harvard 43, 119, 251 health 724, 254 Higher Education Act 790 high school 789, 795, 797

high technology 45, 66,

67, 93

Hinduism 273 Hispanics 774 hockey 247 Holiness Church 270 Hollywood 232, 237, 240,

242, 264 homicide 99 homosexuals 775, 232 horse racing 247 House of Representatives

housing projects 704, 727 Houston 82 human rights 273 Humphrey, Hubert 752

ice hockey 247 ideals 25 ideology 749 illegal aliens 76, 27 illegal immigration 76, 27,

illiteracy 792 immigration 73, 74, 75, 76,

20, 21, 81 independence 26 Independence Day 28 Indians 74, 224, 226 individualism 26, 59 industrialization 75, 44,

50, 82

integration 797 interest groups 746 interest rates 773 intermediate-range nuclear

force (INF) 778 international affairs 270 international relations

279, 787, 782 interventionism 7 73 inventiveness 27 investment policies 272 Iran 767

Iran-Iraq War 278 isolationism 46, 173 Israel 257, 278, 220

James, William 26 jazz 45, 228

Jefferson, Thomas 26, 30 Jews 220, 22 2 job discrimination 728 jogging 245, 254 John Birch Society 272 Johns Jaspar 228 Johnson, Lyndon B. 749,

756, 775, 787, 790 Joplin, Scott 228 Judaism 270, 27 7 judge 99 judicial branch 97 jury 97 justice 97, 179, 217

Kennedy, John F. 77, 775,

793 Khrushchev, Nikita

Sergeevich 775 King, Martin Luther Jr.

773, 226

Kissinger, Henry 776, 279 Koch, Ed 29, 205 Korea 775 Ku Klux Klan 222

labor unions 47, 65, 146 law 97, 143 lawyer 96 Lebanon 2 78 legislation 742, 752, 754 liberalism 759 liberals 59 Libertarian Party 748 liberty 779

Liberty Federation 273 Lichtenstein, Roy 228 literature 43, 45 living standard 59, 132 lobby 746, 757 Los Angeles 48, 82 Lutheran church 207, 208, 211

magazines 267, 262 mainstream culture 47,

162 mainstream Protestant

churches 277 majority leader 754 manager 732 manifest destiny 55 market instability 773 marriage 727, 732, 733,

735, 736

Marshall Plan 775, 783 Massachusetts Institute of

Technology (MIT) 43 materialism 54 McCullers, Carson 45 mechanization (of farming)

63 media 38, 146, 252, 261,

266, 274 megalopolis 82 melting-pot 77, 79, 49, 81 metropolitan area 82 Mexican-American 76,

774, 720

Mid-Atlantic states 43 migrant worker 720 migration 47 military aid 775, 178 military intervention 775,

278, 787

military strength 770 Middle East 778 Midwest, the 46 minorities 78, 92, 100, 112,

120, 124, 162, 200 Miranda rule 700

Mitchell, Margaret 52 mixed media 228 mobility 28, 47 modern dance 237 Monroe, Marilyn 228 Montana 46 Moral Majority 759, 273,

moral principles 234 Mormons 45, 208, 210 motherhood 232, 232, 234 movie 232, 237, 240 movie actor 237 mugging 99 murder 99, 200, 703 museums 225 music 228 musical 78, 229

Namath, Joe 247 National Commission on

Excellence in Education

792 National Endowment for

the Arts 226 National Farmers Union

246 National Football League

(NFL) 244

national identity 77, 25, 28 nationalism 28, 38, 180 National Organization for

Women (NOW) 728 NATO 770 nature 75, 776 negro spiritual 45 neighborhood 79, 87, 88,

89

neoconservatives 759 networks 264, 267 New England 43, 53 New Mexico 46 newspapers 267, 262 news services 262 New York 79, 82 New York Times 262 Nicaragua 776 Nixon, Richard 29, 176,

264

nonviolence 723 nuclear war 779, 278 nuclear weapons 775, 776,

777, 278

O'Connor, Sandra Day

"Op"-art 228 opera 229 optimism 27 opportunity 29, 179 Oregon 45

painting 227, 228 Parker, Charlie 229 parties 746, 748, 750 patriotism 28, 30, 38

282 INDEX

peace 161, 179, 218 Peace and Freedom Party

Peachtree Center 84 Pearl Harbor 174 Pentagon Papers 264 Philadelphia 84 pioneers 26 Pittsburgh 48, 85, 93 plantation 44, 51 plays 233, 235 playwrights 233 pluralism 222 police 300, 202 political participation 245 politician 252 politics 252, 220 Pollack, Jackson 228

pollution 75

pop art 228

pop concerts 225

Populist Party 249

post-industrial age 48, 62

poverty 57, 81, 83, 91, 114

power politics 282

pragmatism 26, 28, 179

prejudice 18, 113

Presbyterian church 207, 208, 211

president 99, 144, 153, 161, 163, 164

presidential elections 244, 253, 264, 223, 220, 274

Presley, Elvis 232

press 86, 262

principles, moral 234, 279

prison 202, 224

private enterprise 26, 59, 64, 149

private schools 289

productivity 59, 60, 62, 62, 63

professional sports 248

programming 264, 269, 270, 272

progress 29, 179

Progressive Party 249

prosperity 59, 262

protectionism 273

Protestants 23, 44, 210, 222, 222

public opinion 246, 262

public schools 189, 190

public service 252

Puritans 23, 43, 53, 211

Quakers 220 quality of life 232

race relations 222, 227

racial prejudices 223

racism 227

radical churches 222

radio 264

ragtime 228

rape 88

ratings 264, 269

Rauschenberg, Robert

228, 230 Reagan, Ronald 38, 115,

159, 161, 164, 176, 213,

274

recreational parks 246 Reformed churches 222 refugees 26, 20 regional identity 43 regions of the U.S. 43 Rehabilitation Act 225 Rehnquist, William 99 religion 43, 116, 205 and politics 259, 223, 220

religious books 205 religious broadcasting

214, 220, 222 religious cults 223 religious diversity 222 religiousness 205 religious sects 223 representative 254

representative democracy 242

Republican Party 44, 146, 148, 250, 259, 264

resources 46, 157

restoration 83, 87

retirement resort 222

rights of man 280

robbery 99

Roberts, Oral 220

Robertson, Pat 223, 220

rock' n roll 229

Rodgers, Richard 229

roles 233

Roosevelt, Franklin D. 259

Roosevelt, Theodore 252

Rothko, Mark 228

ruralization 85

rural life 85

Sandinistas 2 76 San Francisco 85 Santa Fe 48 satellite TV 265 schedule 297 Schlafly, Phyllis 232 Scholastic Aptitude Test

(SAT) 294 school 288, 193, 195, 199

administration 290

attendance 288

prayer 213, 222

sports 247, 249 Schuller, Robert 224 screen writer 237 sculpture 228 segregation 223 self-defense 202, 205 self-reliance 65 Senate 242, 264 senator 255 service 225 service industries 62 sex discrimination 224,

128

Silent Majority 225 singers 242 skyscrapers 82 slavery 25, 44, 112 slaves 44 slums 82, 83 slum clearance 83 small town 85, 86. 215 Smith, Adam 59

Smith, David 228 smoking 224 soccer 247 social problems 200 social programs 249 Socialist Labor Party 248 Social Security 260, 262 social services 82, 161 Society Hill 84 Sondheim, Stephen 28,

229

South, the 44, 49, 51 Southern belle 52 Spanish language 224 speaker 254 sports 245 and society 256 and sponsors 247, 248 and the media 247, 256 and violence 247 college 248, 251 high school 297, 249 professional 248, 256 spectator 245, 247 Springsteen, Bruce 232 Stanford University 48 Statue of Liberty 30 stock market 62 Strategic Arms Limitation

Treaty 276 Strategic Arms Reduction

Talks (START) 277 Strategic Defense Initiative

(SDI) 277

street gang 227, 204 student athletes 248, 252 suburbs 82 suburbanization 82 success 64, 133 Sunbelt 47 Sun City 322 Superbowl 245 superstations 265 Supreme Court 97, 107, 108, 109, 113, 144, 191, 222, 264 suspect, rights of criminal

Swaggart, Jimmy 224, 220 swimming 246

teachers 292, 295, 297, 299 technology 45, 50, 60, 272 television 224, 220, 232,

261, 264, 266

and society 272

and moral standards 275

and politics 274

journalism 266

stations 266 tennis 246, 248 tests 292, 294, 295, 297 textbooks 290 Thanksgiving 28 theater 225, 233, 235 theft 99

Third World countries 273 Thoreau, Henry David 26 Tharp, Twyla 232 tournaments 249 track 247

trade 60, 172 trade deficit 173 transcendentalists 26 transportation 83 Truman, Harry S. 108,175

Union, the 49

United Press International

(UPI) 262 universities 43, 48, 200,

251 University of North

Carolina 48 University of Texas 48 urbanization 50, 81 urban renewal 83, 84, 85,

87, 93 Utah 45

values 25, 54, 55, 132, 133,

134, 161

vice president 244, 263 vigilantism 202, 205 Vietnam War 25. 29, 36,

38, 73, 175, 181, 182, 193,

264

video 265 viewing time 269 violence 45, 99, 103, 113,

265

volleyball 247, 249 volunteerism 27 voter registration 252

war 228

war technology 277

Warhol, Andy 227, 228

Warren, Robert Penn 45

water 46

Watergate 29, 264

War of Independence 31

Warsaw Pact 274

Washington, D.C. 46, 83

Washington Post 264

welfare 262

West, the 27, 45

White Anglo-Saxon Protestant

(WASP) 23, 222 White House 252, 264 Whitman, Walt 26 wildlife 257 winning 36, 248 Wolfe, Thomas 45 women 227 Women's Liberation 52 Wonder, Stevie 232 worker participation 65 World War I 273 World War II 274 wrestling 247

Yankee 50, 53 yuppies 36, 65

Acknowledgments

We are grateful to the following for permission to reproduce copyright material:

American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research for an extract from an article by V A Sackett & К Н Keene in Public Opinion (Feb/March 1986) & an extract from an article by В Stein in Public Opinion (Nov/Dec 1986); Association of American Geographers for an article by J F Hart in Annals of Association of American Geographers, 62, No2 (June 1972); Richard С Burke, Professor of Telecommunications at Indiana State University, for a transcript of his talk "The Nature of TV in America" (University of Indiana 24.4.86); Campbell Connelly & Co Ltd for the words of the song "America" by Stephen Sondheim in West Side Story words by Stephen Sondheim, music by Leonard Bernstein. Copyright (c) 1957 (renewed) Leonard Bernstein & Stephen Sondheim, Jalni Publications, Inc, US & Canadian Publisher С Cohimor, Inc, worldwide print rights & publisher rest of world Campbell Connelly & Co Ltd. All rights reserved; Close up Foundation for extracts from articles in Current Issues (1986), copyright 1985 Close Up Foundation, the articles "American Israel Public Affairs Committee" and "The Wilderness Society", an extract from the article "How A Case Reaches the Supreme Court", the abridged articles "Thoughts on the Supreme Court", "Perspective of a Public Man" & "The Human Side of Congress" in Pespectives, copyright 1985 Close Up Foundation; Joan Daves for an extract from "I Have A Dream" speech by Martin Luther King, Jr. Copyright © 1963 by Martin Luther King Junior; Dow Jones & Co, Inc for extracts from American Character: Views of America from the Wall Street Journal edited by Donald Moffit, © Dow Jones & Co, Inc 1983; the Administrative Manager on behalf of the author, Jerry Falwell for an abridged extract from a Moral Majority publication; Fortune magazine for the articles "Pittsburge" by Alicia Hills Moore in Fortune (6.2.84) & "The New Look From America's Top Lab" by Gene Bylinsky in Fortune (1.2.88); Hodder & Stoughton Ltd & Pantheon Books, a Division of Random House, Inc for extracts from American Dreams: Lost & Found by Studs Terkel. Copyright © 1980 by Studs Terkel; Martin, Seeker & Warburg Ltd & Random House, Inc for an extract from Sports in America: Colleges & Universities by James Michener. US copyright © 1976 by Random House, Inc; MS Foundation for Education & Communication, Inc for an abridged article by Amanda Spake in MS (Nov 1984); National Endowment for the Humanities for an article by Diane Ravitch in Humanities Vol 3 No5 (Nov 1982); National Journal for the article "Hand Gun Control" in National Journal (31.6.86). Copyright 1986 by National Journal, Inc; The New Republic, Inc for an extract from a review of "The Color Purple" by Stanley Kauffmann in The New Republic (27.1.86), © 1986, The New Republic, Inc; New York Magazine for the an extract from the article "Second Thoughts On Having It AH" by Tony Schwartz in New York (15.7.85); The New York Times Company for the articles "The American Idea" by Theodore H White (magazine, 6.7.86), "Children of Poverty — Crisis in New York" by Andrew Stein (magazine, 8.6.86), "About Men: A Brother's Murder" by Brent Staples (magazine, 30.3.86) & "About Men: Lousy at Sports" by Mark Goodson (magazine, 11.5.86). Copyright © 1986 by the New York Times Company; The New Yorker Magazine, Inc for a drawing by Geo. Price in The New Yorker (12.8.85), © 1985 The New Yorker Magazine, Inc; Newsweek, Inc for the articles "Immigration Today: A Case Study of Savuth Sath" in Newsweek (14.7.88), "Brothers" by Sylvester Monroe in Newsweek (23.5.87) & "Running for Your Life" by Matt Clark Newsweek (17.5.86), © Newsweek, Inc; Harold Ober

Associates, Inc for extracts from Special Places by Berton Roueche, first published in The New Yorker. Copyright © 1982 by Berton Roueche; The Observer for an abridged article by Peter Black in The Observer (17.5.81), copyright The Observer 1981; Omni Publications International Ltd & Penthouse International Ltd for the article "The Role of the Media, International Communication Agency, USA" by Eric Sevareid in Saturday Review, © 1976 by Saturday Review/ World, Inc; Oxford University Press for an abridged extract from The Oxford Companion to Sports & Games edited by John Arlott (pub 1975), © Oxford University Press 1975; The Progressive, Inc for the article "Put Out No Flags" by Matthew Rothschild in The Progressive (July 1986), copyright © 1986, The Progressive, Inc; Random House, Inc for an extract from A Raisin in the Sun by Lorraine Hansberry. Copyright © 1958 by Robert Nemiroff, as an unpublished work. Copyright © 1959, 1966, 1984 by Robert Nemiroff; Republicans Abroad (UK) on behalf of the Republican National Committee for the Reagan/Bush 1984 Campaign Leaflet; Simon & Schuster, Inc for an extract from Mayor by Edward I Koch. Copyright © 1984 by Edward I Koch; Society for the Advancement of Education for the articles "Arming Citizens to Fight Crime" by Frank Borzellieri in USA Today (luly 1985), "Breaking New Ground on War & Peace" by Paul Bock in USA Today (Nov 1983), "The Death Penalty: Legal Cruelty?" by Donald В Walker in USA Today (Nov 1983) & an abridged article "Economics vs. Ecology" by Robert W Haseltine in USA Today (Jan 1986), copyright by the Society for the Advancement of Education; Sojourners for the article "The Forgotten Farmer: The Crisis in American Agriculture" by Danny Collum in Sojourners (16.10.86); Time, Inc for the articles "America & The World: Principle & Pragmatism" by Henry Kissinger in Time (27.12.76), "The Chairman & The Boss" by Jay Cocks in Time (16.6.86), "The Likability Sweepstakes" by Richard Stengel in Time (24.10.88), the abridged articles "Where There's Smoke" by Otto Friedrich in Time (23.2.87) & "Power, Glory.. & Politics" by Richard N Ostling in Time,(17.2M). Copyright Time Inc; US News & World Report for extracts from the articles "What Makes A Great School Great" by Lucia Solorzano in US News & World Report (27.8.84), "How New Entrepreneurs are Changing US Business" by Peter Drucker in US News & World Report (26.3.84) & an abridged article "If Conservatives Cannot Do It Now" by Irving Kristol in US News & World Report (20.7.81). Copyright US News & World Report; United States Information Agency for extracts from "Toward a National Theater" by Howard Stein in Dialogue Vol 70, No4 (1985); United States Information Service for extracts from Outline of Amercian Government; the author, Beverly Walker for an abridged version of her article "An Interview With Jack Nicholson" in Film Comment Qune 1985), © Beverly Walker 1985; The Washington Post Writers Group for an abridged article "Americans Vote for Divided Government" by David S Broder in The Washington Post, (c) 1988, Washington Post Writers Group; Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars for abridged extracts from the articles "The Cooling of the South" by R Arsenault in Wilson Quarterly (Summer 1984), copyright 1984 by the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars & "Universities in Transition" by David Riesman in Dialogue Vol 12, Nol (1979), copyright 1979 by the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars.

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