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Speak about types of presupposition.A presuppositionis something the speaker assumes to be the case prior to making an utterance. An entailmentis something that logically follows from what is asserted in the utterance. Types: 1) Existential presupposition: Entities named by the speaker and assumed to be present : noun phrase and possessive constructions. noun phrase :"The Cold War has ended" presupposes that the existence of the entities it refers to, in this case the "Cold War". possessive constructions :“Tony’s car is new”we can presuppose that Tony exists and that he has a car. 2) Factive presupposition: identified by the presence of some verbs such as "know“, "realize“, “be glad”, “be sorry”, etc. She didn’t realize he was ill. (>> He was ill) We regret telling him. (>> We told him) 3) Lexical presupposition: In using one word, the speaker can act as if another meaning will be understood. You are late again. (>> You were late before.) 4) Structural presupposition: it is the assumption associated with the use of certain structures. - wh-question constructions. The listener perceives that the information presented is necessarily true, or intended as true by the speaker. When did she travel to the USA? ( >> she travelled) Where did you buy the book? (>> you bought the book) 5) Non- factive presupposition: it is an assumption referred to something that is not true. For example, verbs like "dream", "imagine" and "pretend" are used with the presupposition that what follows is not true. I dreamed that I was rich. (>> I was not rich) 6) Counterfactual presupposition: it is the assumption that what is presupposed is not only untrue, but is the opposite of what is true, or contrary to facts. If you were my daughter, I would not allow you to do this. ( >> you are not my daughter) If I were rich I would buy a Ferrari. (>> I’m not rich) Define a dialogue and describe its structure. Dialogue is a literary and theatrical form consisting of a written or spoken conversational exchange between two or more ("dia" means through or across) people. Dialogue Structure Opening Questions Section In this section, you will: · Surface information that is likely to be new. · Reflect, listen carefully and deepen understanding. · Express deep convictions and also areas of uncertainty. · Present yourself and hear your partner in ways that dispel stereotypes and stimulate curiosity and connection. Questions of Genuine Inquiry Section In this section, you will: · Ask questions to learn more about what underlies your partner's point of view. · Ask for clarification of anything you've heard that isn't entirely clear. · Understand more about the personal experiences, values, and beliefs that contribute to your partner's point of view. Date: 2015-12-18; view: 3844
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