A) Look at these questions about the history of sport. First, try to answer them, and then check your answers by reading the article below.

1) Is sport in the 21st century different from the past?

2) Do you think there were sports professionals before the 20th century?

3) Was the most important period for the development of modern sports the 5th century BC, the 16th century, the 18th century, or the 19th century?

4) Which modern sports originated in Britain?

5) Did governments always encourage people to take part in sports? Why or why not?

6) What problems did women have in playing sports in the 19th century?

SPORTS AND GAMES

From the 14^th century a wide variety of sports and games became common in Europe. From that time the growth was steady. It is also noticeable that there were a number of edicts and statutes (for the most part ineffectual) forbidding the pursuit of certain sporting activities. These were made because rulers feared they might divert men from remaining in a state of readiness for war by taking regular archery practice and other forms of military training.

During the latter part of the 16th and during the 17th and 18th centuries sports and games became increasingly popular and there are numerous records available for a study of their history. However, the second half of the 19th century is the period of development. Much of it was achieved in England and in Britain. In fact from the late Middle Ages up to, say, the 1930s, the British contribution to sport is without parallel. Among the sports that originated in Britain are football, rugby, badminton, croquet, lawn tennis, cricket, squash, snooker and table tennis.

In the 20th century a number of sports and games have become highly professional. With professionalism has come more intense competition, better standards of performance and greater financial rewards. In Classical times professionalism was established for centuries, especially among boxers, wrestlers, jockeys, athletes and chariot drivers. However, by the middle of the 5th century AD it had died out in sport and was not revived until the 16th century...

There were signs of modern professionalism in England in the 18th century, in which period we find, for example, professional boxers and cricketers. In the closing years of the 19th century association football and Rugby League football became professional and there were an increasing number of professional golfers and cricketers by the turn of the century. Since then professionalism has become typical of many sports and games.

At the higher levels sportsmen and women are more committed and dedicated than ever before, and today it scarcely seems credible that at the 1896 Olympic Games in Athens some of the athletes who took part were visitors who happened to be in the city at the time. Now, performers prepare themselves with the utmost assiduousness for every event. Performances are analysed on film and video tape. Teams have "clinics" before and after matches.

Many people think that sport has become too serious and it may well be argued that when the desire and will to win over-ride all other considerations then a form of futility has set in. What is one to make of that celebrated remark by Vince Lombardi, the great American football coach, that "Winning isn't everything, it's the only thing"? At the other end of the value scale we have the traditions in West Sumatra where non ­achievement was the desirable goal. A man who came first in a race might well be banned from taking part again! ...

A very important development since about 1900 has been the ever-increasing participation of women in many sports and games. In ancient Greece women were allowed to compete in athletic contests and towards the end of the pre-Christian era, when women were becoming more emancipated (especially in the cities), there were more and more athletic events for them. From that period until the 19th century there is little mention of women being much involved in sport, though it was perfectly acceptable for queens and noblewomen to hunt and use falcons. In the 18th century male attitudes towards female participation became more sympathetic and it is perhaps a little surprising to reflect that women's cricket was tolerably well established in England by the 1760s. However, it is not until the last 25 years of the 19th century that we find women (nearly always of the middle and upper classes) taking part in a variety of open­-air sports; notably, lawn tennis, badminton, hockey, golf, skating, archery, baseball (or rounders) and some others. Victorian fashions were of course a problem. Movement was restricted and many men felt that sporting activities were unbecoming for women. Female emancipation and determination triumphed and women were soon taking part in the Olympic Games. Basketball, netball, volleyball, gymnastics, skiing, fencing, swimming, and equestrian sports (besides those sports already mentioned) became regular activities for women. Fears that sport was incompatible with femininity proved illusory.

Date: 2015-12-17; view: 925