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Ships and watercraft

Ships and other watercraft are used for ship transport. Types can be distinguished by propulsion, size or cargo type. Recreational or educational craft still use wind power, while some smaller craft use internal combustion engines to drive one or more propellers, or in the case of jet boats, an inboard water jet. In shallow draft areas, such as the Everglades, some craft, such as the hovercraft, are propelled by large pusher-prop fans.

Most modern merchant ships can be placed in one of a few categories, such as:

Bulk carriers are cargo ships used to transport bulk cargo items such as ore or food staples (rice, grain, etc.) and similar cargo. It can be recognized by the large box-like hatches on its deck, designed to slide outboard for loading. A bulk carrier could be either dry or wet. Most lakes are too small to accommodate bulk ships, but a large fleet of lake freighters has been plying the Great Lakes and St. Lawrence Seaway of North America for over a century.

Container ships are cargo ships that carry their entire load in truck-size containers, in a technique called containerization. They form a common means of commercial intermodal freight transport. Informally known as "box boats," they carry the majority of the world's dry cargo. Most container ships are propelled by diesel engines, and have crews of between 10 and 30 people. They generally have a large accommodation block at the stern, directly above the engine room.

Tankers are cargo ships for the transport of fluids, such as crude oil, petroleum products, liquefied petroleum gas, liquefied natural gas and chemicals, also vegetable oils, wine and other food - the tanker sector comprises one third of the world tonnage.

Refrigerated ships (usually called Reefers) are cargo ships typically used to transport perishable commodities which require temperature-controlled transportation, mostly fruits, meat, fish, vegetables, dairy products and other foodstuffs.

Roll-on/roll-off ships are cargo ships designed to carry whe eled cargo such as automobiles, trailers or railway carriages. RORO vessels have built-in ramps which allow the cargo to be efficiently "rolled on" and "rolled off" the vessel when in port. While smaller ferries that operate across rivers and other short distances still often have built-in ramps, the term RORO is generally reserved for larger ocean-going vessels.

Ferries are a form of transport, usually a boat or ship, but also other forms, carrying (or ferrying) passengers and sometimes their vehicles. Ferries are also used to transport freight (in lorries and sometimes unpowered freight containers) and even railroad cars. Most ferries operate on regular, frequent, return services. A foot-passenger ferry with many stops, such as in Venice, is sometimes called a waterbus or water taxi. Ferries form a part of the public transport systems of many waterside cities and islands, allowing direct transit between points at a capital cost much lower than bridges or tunnels.



Cruise ships are passenger ships used for pleasure voyages, where the voyage itself and the ship's amenities are considered an essential part of the experience. Cruising has become a major part of the tourism industry, with millions of passengers each year as of 2006. The industry's rapid growth has seen nine or more newly built ships catering to a North American clientele added every year since 2001, as well as others servicing European clientele. Smaller markets such as the Asia-Pacific region are generally serviced by older tonnage displaced by new ships introduced into the high growth areas. On the Baltic sea this market is served by cruiseferries.

Ocean Liner is a passenger ship designed to transport people from one seaport to another along regular long-distance maritime routes according to a schedule. Ocean liners may also carry cargo or mail, and may sometimes be used for other purposes.

Ocean liners are usually strongly built with a high freeboard to withstand rough seas and adverse conditions encountered in the open ocean, having large capacities for fuel, food and other consumables on long voyages.

Cable layer is a deep-sea vessel designed and used to lay underwater cables for telecommunications, electricity, and such. A large superstructure, and one or more spools that feed off the transom distinguish it.

 

A tugboat is a boat used to manoeuvre, primarily by towing or pushing other vessels (see shipping) in harbours, over the open sea or through rivers and canals. They are also used to tow barges, disabled ships, or other equipment like towboats.

A dredger (sometimes also called a dredge) is a ship used to excavate in shallow seas or fresh water areas with the purpose of gathering up bottom sediments and disposing of them at a different location.

A barge is a flat-bottomed boat, built mainly for river and canal transport of heavy goods. Most barges are not self-propelled and need to be moved by tugboats towing or towboats pushing th em. Barges on canals (towed by draft animals on an adjacent towpath) contended with the railway in the early industrial revolution but were outcompeted in the carriage of high value items due to the higher speed, falling costs, and route flexibility of rail transport.

A Multi-purpose ship (sometimes called a general cargo ship) is used to transport a variety of goods from bulk commodities to break bulk and heavy cargoes. To provide maximum trading flexibility they are usually geared and modern examples are fitted for the carriage of containers and grains. Generally they will have large open holds and tweendecks to facilitate the carriage of different cargoes on the same voyage. The crew will be highly competent in the securing of break bulk cargoes and the ship will be equipped with various lashings and other equipment for sea fastening.

 

II. Road transport

Roads in Ukraine is a network of roads for public use, for official use, for private use, and streets with city roads. There are three types of roads national, local, and streets. Each type has additional classifications. High-speed highways such as motorways or freeways are rare and only available on selected segments of major routes.

The whole network of all automobile roads (highways) consists of some 172,400 km (107,100 mi) out which 164,100 km (102,000 mi) - have hard surface or 95.19%. The existing road network was mostly built in 1960's - 1970's. For comparison in 1940 the highway network of Ukraine consisted of 270,700 kilometers which only 10.8% contained a paved surface.

After the fall of the Soviet Union at the end of 1991 all road service state organizations within Ukraine were reorganized. The highway numbering system was changed as well by late 1990s. Today more and more cities install their own beltways or ringways to improve their traffic conditions.

Classifications

Ukraine has its own network of highway that were inherited from the Ukrainian SSR and were part of the Soviet network of highways. The network consists 99% of roads for public use with 12% assigned as of state importance and 87% - local importance.

Automagistrals

n Ukraine high-speed divided highways or motorways are called automagistrals which is a generic Russian-type term for high-speed road. Currently automagistrals are not designated into a separate network and are part of national level of expressway network.

Marshrutka is a form of public transportation such as a share taxi for the countries of CIS, the Baltic states, Bulgaria, Georgia and Ukraine. The role of the modern marshrutka is theoretically similar to the share taxi, that use minibuses in other countries except that all implementations of marshrutka do allow standing capacity.

They can be small, medium-sized, and sometimes big, with higher fare (price) than in ordinary municipal buses, and the main thing: with less obligations to carry invalids, pensionaries etc. for free, than ordinary buses. And this is the reason why there are much more marshrutkas in the city than ordinary buses. The word "taxi" is needed just to answer the question why they have no as much free-ride obligations, as ordinary buses, which are usually "full of free riders", are unprofitable and bring economical loss. Interesting fact: in 1990s when local authorities temporarily lost their ability to finance city bus work, the bus drivers just installed in their buses windows tablets with inscription "Taxomotor" and that just meant that every passenger has to pay the fare.

So, now marshrutkas are public route microbuses, middle-size buses and sometimes big buses which go usually faster then ordinary buses and more frequently, but don't take month abonent tickets and take not more then one free passenger per one marshrutka. Stopping marshrutka in the city out of established stops comes out of practice, being unreasonable because of large amount of passengers and high frequency of the stops.

Cycling in Ukraine

Groups of cycletourists are no uncommon sight on Ukraine's roads. Solo cyclists create more surprise. During the Soviet period Crimea was a highly popular spring destination for cycleclubs. Cycletourists especially those covering serious distances, are regarded as sportsmen with all the respect usually attached to them.

Priorities for development of road infrastructure:

- development of road system through

· prioritizing the development of national public roads, first of all under the projects for preparing the roads to the final part of EURO 2012

· building, rehabilitating, and carrying out capital repairs of such roads as Kyiv – Chernihiv – Novy Yarylovychi, Kyiv – Kharkiv – Dovzhansky, Znamianka – Luhansk – Izvaryne, Kyiv – Odesa, Kyiv – Chop, Kyiv – Kovel – Yagodyn, Stryi – Ternopil, Kirovograd – Znamianka, Ulianivka – Mykolaiv, Kharkiv – Simpheropil – Yalta, Kharkiv – Scherbakivka, Kherson – Simpheropil, Lviv – Krakovets, Vinnytsia – Kyiv, Big Ring Road around Kyiv, the Black Sea Bypass

· implementing actions to increase the financial support for the road infrastructure

· building approach roads with hard covering to all rural settlements

- enhancement of innovative component in the road infrastructure development projects through

· applying up-to-date materials and innovative technologies for building, rehabilitating, repairing and maintaining the roads

· re-equipping the technical base of road enterprises

- improvement of road traffic safety rate through

· implementing road traffic safety actions on particularly dangerous stretches of roads

· introducing efficient road traffic technical devices on roads (automated road traffic operation systems, antidazzle screens, markings with improved reflective properties, etc.)

· improving the information support for road traffic participants

- reforming of public road state governance system through

· combining properly the centralized administration of national public road network and the regional administration of local roads

· providing the proper funds for construction, rehabilitation, and repairs of national and local public roads

· restructuring the State Joint Stock Company ROADS OF UKRAINE OJSC

· establishing a road operation system based on geoinformation technologies

· improving the quality assurance system for construction, repairs, and maintenance works on roads by the set-up of the State Road Inspection

- sustainable construction and maintenance of roads through

· applying environmentally friendly and energy saving materials and innovative technologies

· introducing technical means for mitigating the adverse impact of roads on the environment (noise protective screens, water treatment facilities, animal passages, fencing, etc.)


Date: 2015-12-17; view: 1207


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