Sublist 8 of Academic Word List - Most Frequent Words in Families

abandon

accompanied

accumulation

ambiguous

appendix

appreciation

arbitrary

automatically

bias

chart

clarity

conformity

commodity

complement

contemporary

contradiction

crucial

currency

denote

detected

deviation

displacement

dramatic

eventually

exhibit

exploitation

fluctuations

guidelines

highlighted

implicit

induced

inevitably

infrastructure

inspection

intensity

manipulation

minimised

nuclear

offset

paragraph

plus

practitioners

predominantly

prospect

radical

random

reinforced

restore

revision

schedule

tension

termination

theme

thereby

uniform

vehicle

via

virtually

widespread

visual

Sublist 9 of Academic Word List - Most Frequent Words in Families

accommodation

analogous

anticipated

assurance

attained

behalf

bulk

ceases

coherence

coincide

commenced

incompatible

concurrent

confined

controversy

conversely

device

devoted

diminished

distortion

duration

erosion

ethical

format

founded

inherent

insights

integral

intermediate

manual

mature

mediation

medium

military

minimal

mutual

norms

overlap

passive

portion

preliminary

protocol

qualitative

refine

relaxed

restraints

revolution

rigid

route

scenario

sphere

subordinate

supplementary

suspended

team

temporary

trigger

unified

violation

vision

Sublist 10 of the Academic Word List - Most Frequent Words in Families

This sublist contains the least frequent words of the Academic Word List in the Academic Corpus.

adjacent

albeit

assembly

collapse

colleagues

compiled

conceived

convinced

depression

encountered

enormous

forthcoming

inclination

integrity

intrinsic

invoked

levy

likewise

nonetheless

notwithstanding

odd

ongoing

panel

persistent

posed

reluctant

so‑called

straightforward

undergo

whereby

Transport

In this copy of the article, general academic words, from the Academic Word List, are highlighted in bold. It is important that you understand these words and can use them. Study the words in bold carefully. Learn them.

During the second half of the eighteenth century transportsystems in Britain began to improve markedly. Innovationsin construction techniques,notably by J.L. McAdam, led to new surfaces being used on roads and, thanks largely to the work of Thomas Telford, the expansionof the canal network.It was the application of steam power, however, which played the most significant role.

Steam was used to drive three major categoriesof vehicles:railway locomotives, ships and traction engines. The first two revolutionisedtravel. Railways (i.e. a combination of steam-driven engines and a permanent metalled way) were first establishedin the early nineteenth century, with the opening of the Liverpool and Manchester line in 1825. The Stephenson family were prominent in this development, laying down the essential principlesof steam locomotives. In the subsequent decadesleading up to the second world war, a railway system became established throughout Britain.

Steam powered ships, although initiallyemployed only for short distances, eventuallyopened up intercontinental travel. Brunel's first great steamship The Great Western (1837) was specifically designedto cross the Atlantic.

The use of steam driven traction engines was less successful however. The unsuitability of many roads meant that in practice the new technology encountered many obstacles. Neverthless, traction engines did become a distinguished product of this time.

Date: 2015-12-17; view: 1298