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Equilibrium Constant of ConcentrationLAB # 3 law of mass action 1.the statement that the rate of a chemical reaction is proportional tothe concentrations of the reacting substances.
2.
Equilibrium Constant of Concentration The equilibrium constant of concentration gives the ratio of concentrations of products over reactants for a reaction that is at equilibrium. This is usually used when the state of matter for the reaction is (aq). The equilibrium constant expression is written as Kc, as in the expression below: Kc= [G]g[H]h [A]a[B]b · If K>1 then equilibrium favors products · If K<1 then equilibrium favors the reactants Here, the letters inside the brackets represent the concentration of each molecule. Notice the mathematical product of the chemical products raised to the powers of their respective coefficients is the numerator of the ratio and the mathematical product of the reactants raised to the powers of their respective coefficients is the denominator. This is the case for every equilibrium constant. Keep in mind that this expression was obtained by a homogeneous equilibrium reaction. K represents an equilibrium constant and c represents concentration (e.g., Kc). This means that every speciesshows up in the expression, as long as it is a solution or a gas. 4. Van't Hoff Rule states that when the temperature rises to 10 degrees every chemical reaction rate increases by 2-4 times. Mathematically, the van't Hoff rule is as follows: Lab # 4 1. solution is a homogeneous mixture composed of two or more substances. In such a mixture, a solute is a substance dissolved in another substance, known as a solvent. The solution more or less takes on the characteristics of the solvent including its phase, and the solvent is commonly the major fraction of the mixture. The concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of how much of that solute is dissolved in the solvent, with regard to how much solvent is present. 2. Molarity Molarity tells us the number of moles of solute in exactly one liter of a solution. (Note that molarity is spelled with an "r" and is represented by a capital M.) We need two pieces of information to calculate the molarity of a solute in a solution:
To calculate molarity we use the equation:
Molality Molality, m, tells us the number of moles of solute dissolved in exactly one kilogram of solvent. (Note that molality is spelled with two "l"'s and represented by a lower case m.) We need two pieces of information to calculate the molality of a solute in a solution:
To calculate molality we use the equation:
3. Strong Electrolytes Strong electrolytes are substances that only exist as ions in solution. Ionic compounds are typically strong electrolytes. Strong acids, strong bases and salts are strong electrolytes. When solid NaCl is placed in water, it completely dissociates to form Na + and Cl- ions. H2O NaCl(s) → Na+ (aq) + Cl- (aq) Weak Electrolytes A weak electrolyte only partially dissociates in solution and produces relatively few ions. Polar covalent compounds are typically weak electrolytes. Weak acids and weak bases are weak electrolytes. H2O CH3COOH(l) CH3COO- (aq) + H+ (aq) Nonelectrolytes A nonelectrolyte does not dissociate at all in solution and therefore does not produce any ions. Nonelectrolytes are typically polar covalent substances that do dissolve in water as molecules instead of ions. Sugar (C12H22O11) is a good example of a nonelectrolyte. 4. A measure of acidity or alkalinity of water soluble substances (pH stands for 'potential of Hydrogen'). A pH value is a number from 1 to 14, with 7 as the middle (neutral) point. Values below 7 indicate acidity which increases as the number decreases, 1 being the most acidic. Values above 7 indicate alkalinity which increases as the number increases, 14 being the most alkaline. This scale, however, is not a linear scale like a centimeter or inch scale (in which two adjacent values have the same difference). It is a logarithmic scale in which two adjacent values increase or decrease by a factor of 10. For example, a pH of 3 is ten times more acidic than a pH of 4, and 100 times more acidic than a pH of 5. Similarly, a pH of 9 is 10 times more alkaline than a pH of 8 5. , entropy is commonly associated with the amount of order, disorder, or chaos in a thermodynamic system. Owing to these early developments, the typical example of entropy change ΔS is that associated with phase change. In solids, for example, which are typically ordered on the molecular scale, usually have smaller entropy than liquids, and liquids have smaller entropy than gases and colder gases have smaller entropy than hotter gases. Moreover, according to the third law of thermodynamics, at absolute zero temperature, crystalline structures are approximated to have perfect "order" and zero entropy. This correlation occurs because the numbers of different microscopic quantum energy states available to an ordered system are usually much smaller than the number of states available to a system that appears to be disordered. From his famous 1896 Lectures on Gas Theory, Boltzmann diagrams the structure of a solid body, as shown above, by postulating that each molecule in the body has a "rest position". According to Boltzmann, if it approaches a neighbor molecule it is repelled by it, but if it moves farther away there is an attraction. This, of course was a revolutionary perspective in its time; many, during these years, did not believe in the existence of either atoms or molecules (see: history of the molecule).[16] According to these early views, and others such as those developed by William Thomson, if energy in the form of heat is added to a solid, so to make it into a liquid or a gas, a common depiction is that the ordering of the atoms and molecules becomes more random and chaotic with an increase in temperature: Thus, according to Boltzmann, owing to increases in thermal motion, whenever heat is added to a working substance, the rest position of molecules will be pushed apart, the body will expand, and this will create more molar-disordered distributions and arrangements of molecules. These disordered arrangements, subsequently, correlate, via probability arguments, to an increase in the measure of entropy. 6. Osmosisthe tendency of a fluid, usually water, to pass through asemipermeable membrane into a solution where the solventconcentration is higher, thus equalizing the concentrations ofmaterials on either side of the membrane. 7. Raoult's law is a phenomenological law that assumes ideal behavior based on the simple microscopic assumption that intermolecular forces between unlike molecules are equal to those between similar molecules: the conditions of an ideal solution. This is analogous to the ideal gas law, which is a limiting law valid when the interactive forces between molecules approach zero, for example as the concentration approaches zero. Raoult's law is instead valid if the physical properties of the components are identical. The more similar the components are, the more their behavior approaches that described by Raoult's law. For example, if the two components differ only in isotopic content, then Raoult's law is essentially exact. Comparing measured vapor pressures to predicted values from Raoult's law provides information about the true relative strength of intermolecular forces. If the vapor pressure is less than predicted (a negative deviation), fewer molecules of each component than expected have left the solution in the presence of the other component, indicating that the forces between unlike molecules are stronger. The converse is true for positive deviations.
Date: 2015-12-17; view: 1627
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