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Articles. Revision
Articles. Revision
I. Common expressions without articles In some common fixed expressions to do with place, time and movement, normally countable nouns are treated as uncountables, without articles. Examples are: to school at school in school (US) from school to/at/from university/college (GB) to/in/from college (US) to/at/in/into/from church to/in/into/out of bed/prison to/in/into/out of hospital (GB) to/at/from work to/at sea to/in/from town at/from home leave home leave/start/enter school/university/college by day at night by car/bus/bicycle/plane/train/tube/boat on foot by radio/phone/letter/mail With place nouns, similar expressions with articles may have different meanings. E.g. Compare: - I met her at college (when we were students) I'll meet you at the college. (The college is just a meeting place.) - Jane's in hospital, (as a patient) I left my coat in the hospital when I was visiting Jane. - Who smokes in class? {=... in the classroom ?) Who smokes in the class? (= Who is a smoker...?) In American English, university and hospital are not used without articles. E.g. She was unhappy at the university. II. Double expressions Articles are often dropped in double expressions, particularly with prepositions. with knife and fork on land and sea day after day with hat and coat arm in arm husband and wife from top to bottom inch by inch But articles are not usually dropped when single nouns follow prepositions. E.g. You can't get there without a car. (NOT ... without car.)
III. ‘s genitives A noun that is used after an 's genitive (like John's, America's) has no article. E.g. the coat that belongs to John = John's coat (NOT John's the coat OR the John's coat) the economic problems of America = America's economic problems (NOT the America's economic problems) But the genitive noun itself may have an article. E.g. the wife of the boss = the boss's wife
VI. the... of a... In classifying expressions of this kind, the first article is definite even if the meaning of the whole expression is indefinite. E.g. Lying by the side of the road we saw the wheel of a car. (NOT ... a wheel of a car.)
V. noun modifiers When a noun modifies another noun, the first noun's article is dropped. E.g. guitar lessons - lessons in how to play the guitar (NOT the guitar lessons) a sunspot - a spot on the sun VI. both and all We often leave out the after both. E.g. Both (the) children are good at maths. And we often leave out the between all and a number. E.g. All (the) three brothers were arrested. We usually leave out the after all in all day, all night, all week, all year, all winter and all summer. E.g. We've been waiting to hear from you all week. I haven't seen her all day. VII kind of etc We usually leave out a/an after kind of, sort of, type of and similar expressions. E.g. What kind of (a) person is she? Have you got a cheaper sort of radio? They've developed a new variety of sheep.
VIII. amount and number The is dropped after the amount/number of. E.g. I was surprised at the amount of money collected. The number of unemployed is rising steadily.
IX. man and woman Unlike other singular countable nouns, man and woman can be used in a general sense without articles. E.g. Man and woman were created equal. But in modern English we more often use a woman and a man, or men and women. E.g. A woman without a man is like a fish without a bicycle, (old feminist joke) Men and women have similar abilities and needs. Man is also commonly used to mean 'the human race', though many people regard this usage as sexist and prefer to avoid it. How did Man first discover fire?
X. days, months and seasons We use articles with the names of days of the week and months when we are talking about particular days or months. E.g. We met on a wet Monday in June. She died on the Tuesday after the accident. But articles are not used when the meaning is 'the day/month before or after this one'. E.g. See you on Thursday. See you in April. Where were you last Saturday? We're moving next September. To talk about the seasons in general, we can say spring or the spring, summer or the summer, etc. There is little difference. The is always used in in the fall (US). E.g. Rome is lovely in (the) spring. I like (the) winter best. When we are talking about particular springs, summers etc, we are more likely to use the. E.g. I worked very hard in the summer that year.
XI. musical instruments We often use the + singular when we talk about musical instruments in general, or about playing musical instruments. E.g. The violin is really difficult. Who's that on the piano? But the is often dropped when talking about jazz or pop, and sometimes when talking about classical music. E.g. This recording was made with Miles Davis on trumpet. She studied oboe and saxophone at the Royal Academy of Music.
XII. television, (the) radio, (the) cinema and (the) theatre When we talk about television as a form of entertainment, we do not use articles. E.g. It's not easy to write plays for television. Would you rather go out or watch TV? But articles are used when television means 'a television set'. Compare: E.g. What's on TV? Look out! The cat's on the TV! Articles are generally used with radio, cinema and theatre. E.g. I always listen to the radio while I'm driving. It was a great treat to go to the cinema or the theatre when I was a child. But the article can be dropped when we talk about these institutions as art forms or professions. E.g. Cinema is different from theatre in several ways. He's worked in radio all his life.
XIII. jobs and positions We normally use a/an when we say what job somebody has. E.g. She's an architect, (NOT She's architect.) The is not used in titles like Queen Elizabeth, President Lincoln. Compare: E.g. Queen Elizabeth had dinner with President Kennedy. The Queen had dinner with the President. And the is not usually used in the complement of a sentence, when we say that somebody has or gains a unique position (the only one in the organisation). E.g. Compare: - They appointed him Head Librarian. He's a librarian. - He was elected President in 1879. I want to see the President.
XIV. exclamations We use a/an with singular countable nouns in exclamations after What. E.g. What a lovely dress! (NOT What lovely dress!) Note that a/an cannot be used in exclamations with uncountable nouns. E.g. What nonsense! (NOT What a nonsense!) What luck! (NOT What a luck!)
XV. illnesses The names of illnesses are usually uncountable in standard British English. The can be used informally before the names of some common illnesses such as the measles, the flu; others have no article. American usage is different in some cases. E.g. I think I've got (the) measles. Have you had appendicitis? I'm getting toothache. (US ...a toothache.) Exceptions: a cold, a headache (US also an earache, a backache). I've got a horrible cold. Have you got a headache? XVI. parts of the body etc When talking about parts of someone's body, or about their possessions, we usually use possessives, not the. E.g. Katy broke her arm climbing, (NOT Katy broke the arm climbing.) He stood in the doorway, his coat over his arm. (NOT ... the coat over the arm.) However, when talking about parts of the body we generally prefer the in prepositional phrases related to the object of a clause (or the subject of a passive clause). E.g. She hit him in the stomach. Can't you look me in the eye? He was shot in the leg. This can also happen in prepositional phrases after be + adjective. E.g. He's broad across the shoulders. XVII. measurements Note the use of the in measuring expressions beginning with by. E.g. Do you sell eggs by the kilo or by the dozen? She drinks cough medicine by the litre. He sits watching TV by the hour. Can I pay by the month? A/an is used to relate one measuring unit to another. E.g. sixty pence a kilo thirty miles an hour {OR ... miles per hour) twice a week, on average a third of a pint
XVIII. place names We use the with these kinds of place names: seas (the Atlantic) mountain groups (the Himalayas) island groups {the West Indies) rivers {the Rhine) deserts {the Sahara) most hotels (the Grand Hotel) most cinemas and theatres (the Odeon; the Playhouse) most museums and art galleries (the British Museum; the Frick) We usually use no article with: continents, countries, states, counties, departments etc (Africa, Brazil, Texas, Berkshire, Westphalia) towns (Oxford) streets (New Street, Willow Road) lakes (Lake Michigan) Exceptions: places whose name is (or contains) a common noun like republic, state, union (e.g. the People's Republic of China, the United Kingdom, the United States). Note also the Netherlands, and its seat of government The Hague. In British English, the is unusual in the titles of the principal public buildings and organisations of a town. Oxford University (NOT the Oxford University) Hull Station (NOT the Hull Station) Salisbury Cathedral Birmingham Airport Bristol Zoo Manchester City Council Cheltenham Football Club In American English, the is more often used in such cases. The San Diego Zoo. The Detroit City Council Names of single mountains vary. Most have no article. Everest, Kilimanjaro But definite articles are usually translated in the English versions of European mountain names, except those beginning LeMont. The Meije (= La Meije), The Matterhorn (= Das Matterhorn)
XIX. newspapers and magazines The names of newspapers usually have the. The Times, The Washington Post The names of magazines do not always have the. New Scientist
XX. abbreviated styles We usually leave out articles in abbreviated styles. newspaper headlines MAN KILLED ON MOUNTAIN headings picture captions notices, posters etc instructions numbering and labelling dictionary entries lists notes Introduction Chapter 2 Section  Mother and child SUPER CINEMA, RITZ HOTEL Open packet at other end Go through door A Control to Car 27: can you hear me? Turn to page 26. (NOT ... the page 26.)
Date: 2014-12-29; view: 1676
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