Some Rules of Syntagmatic Division

When we speak we make pauses necessary for understanding. They divide the speech-flow into syntagms. The syntagmatic division depends on the tempo and style of speech. The slow colloquial style is characterised by a greater number of intonation groups, than the rapid colloqual.

Simple extended sentence

1. The subject group and the predicate group consisting of more than one word form separate syntagms (extended subject group).

"John’s °sisterÅ "entered the °room.||

Note. One-word subject can form a separate syntagm if it is emphasised (one of the complex tones must be used on it).

ëMaryÅ is "John’s °sister.||

2. Homogeneous predicates or other members of the sentence:

"John °cameÅ but "didn’t stay °long.||

3. An adverbial or parenthetical phrase at the beginning of the sentence.

A "few "minutes ,laterÅ we "heard a "ring at the °door.||

To "tell the ,truthÅ, he’s "never °late.||

4. An apposition makes up a separate syntagm.||

"Betty °SmithÅ, my "wife’s °nieceÅ, °lives with us.||

5. Alternative and disjunctive questions

Do you "live ,hereÅ or "out of °town?||

You" live °hereÅ, °don’t you?||

Note. In slow colloquial style participial, gerundial, infinitive, prepositional phrases can form syntagms.

Complex and Compound Sentences

They make up two syntagms.

If you are ,lateÅ"ask per"mission to "come °in.||

Note. Two-member principle clause and an object clause as a subordinate one are joined into one syntagm.

He "says

I "think he was °late.||

I "know

I "suppose

Direct Address

The intonation of direct address depends on its position in the sentence.

1.Direct address in sentence-initial position is always stressed, it makes up a separate sense-group. In formal speech it takes the LOW FALL, e.g. °Gentlemen,| "take your °seats.||

In a friendly conversation the FALL-RISE is preferable, e. g. °Ma™ry,| "won’t you "sit ™down?||

2. Direct address in sentence-mid or sentence-final position does not make up a separate syntagm. It is pronounced as an unstressed or partially stressed tail of the preceding syntagm, e. g. Good ™night, Mary!||

Note. Direct address after the low falling nucleus can make the LOW RISE without forming a separate syntagm. In this case it sounds informal, friendly, e. g. Good "after°noon, ™Mary!||

Parentheses

The intonation of parenthesis depends on its position in the sentence.

1. Parentheses in sentence-initial position are usually stressed. They can form separate syntagms which mostly take the Low Fall or Low Rise, though the Fall-Rise is also possible.

Note.Parenthetical phrases that introduce object clauses such as, “I think”, “I suppose”, “I believe” do not form separate sense-groups.

2. Parentheses in sentence-mid or sentence-final position do not form separate syntagms. They are pronounced as an unstressed tail of the preceding stressed word, e. g. He is °out, I’m a%fraid.||

Author’s Words

The group of author’s words may stand at the beginning, in the middle or at the end of the sentence.

I. Author’s words in sentence-initial position form a separate intonation-group.

1. Short phrases generally take the Low Level Tone, Low Rise or Low Fall.

She %said, Ê

She ™said, > “"Sorry to have "kept you °waiting.”||

She °said ,Ë

2. An extended group of author’s words usually takes the Low Level pre-terminal tones (the Low Level scale or head) followed by the Low Fall or Low Rise, e. g.

She %said ex°citedly, Ê

“"Sorry to have "kept you °waiting.”||

She %said ex™citedly, Ë

II. Mid-sentence author’s words are usually pronounced as an unstressed tail of the preceding sense-group, thus breaking the sense-group into two syntagms.

“°Sorry, - she %said |– to have "kept you °waiting.”||

III. Author’s words in the sentence-final position are also pronounced as an unstressed tail of the preceding sense-group, if they are unextended.

Extended group of sentence-final author’s words forms two or more syntagms. Some initial words of the group are said as an unstressed tail of the preceding syntagm, it repeats the intonation pattern of the first syntagm but on a narrowed range.

“"Will you "do me a ™favour”, she asked| "looking me "straight in the °eye.||

GRAPHICAL RULES

Vowel № 1/i:/

Graphical Rules:

Vowel № 1 is represented in spelling by:

1. the letter e in open and historically open syllables (be, meter, these, theme);

2. the digraphs: ее – meet, see, feel, tree

ea – meat, seat, peace

ie – piece, field, believe

ei – ceiling, receive

Rare Spellings: people, key, breathe, wreathe.

/i:/ in proverbs and sayings:

1. A friend in need is a friend indeed.

2. No sweet without some sweat.

3. Extremes meet.

Vowel № 2 /I/

Graphical Rules:

Vowel № 2 is represented in spelling by:

1. the letters i, у in stressed closed syllables (myth,syllable);

2. y, ey when unstressed (city, baby, money, family, hockey, valley);

3. aiwhen unstressed (fountain, mountain, portrait, captain);

4. the letter e in prefixes (before, begin, decide).

Rare Spelling: busy, build, biscuit, foreign, women, coffee.

/I/ in proverbs and sayings:

1. As fitas a fiddle.

2. As busy as a bee.

3. Littlepitches have big ears.

Vowel № 3 /e/

Graphical Rules:

Vowel № 3 is represented in spelling by:

1. the letter e in closed accented syllables (red, better);

2. the digraph ea before d (bread, head, dead);

th (breath, death, weather).

Irregular Spelling; deaf, heavy,measure, pleasure, pleasant, health, wealth, meant, breakfast, weapon.

Rare Spelling: any, man, friend, says, said.

/e/ in proverbs and sayings:

1. Many men, many minds.

2. Better to do well, than to say well.

3. Better late than never, but never late is better.

4. All is well, that ends well.

Vowel № 4 /{/

Graphical Rules;

Vowel № 4 is represented in spelling by:

the letter a in closed syllables (lad, glad, scratch, cramped).

NOTE. A number of three-syllable words with the accented letter ain an open syllable fall under this rule (family, cavity, vanity).

/{/ in proverbs and sayings:

1. No living man all things can.

2. Who chatters to you will chatter of you.

3. He that hatches matches hatches catches.

Vowel № 5 /A:/

Graphical Rules:

Vowel № 5is represented in spelling by:

1. the digraph ar (cart, party);

2. the letter a followed by

ss– pass, glass sp – grasp, clasp

st– past, fast ft – after, craft

sk – ask, basket th – path, father

3. a followed by lf, lm (half, calf, calm, palm);

4. ance, and in words of French origin (France, glance, demand, command) when stressed.

Rare Spelling: aunt, draught, clerk, heart, hearth, bazaar, drama, aria, tomato, banana, garage, moustache, vase.

/A:/ in proverbs and savings:

1. He laughs best who laughs last.

2. After a storm comes a calm.

3. Each dog barks in his own yard.

4. Art is long, life is short.

Vowel № 6 /Q/

Graphical Rules:

Vowel № 6 is represented in spelling by:

1. the letter o in closed stressed syllables (not, office);

2. the digraph wa (was, want, wasp);

3. qua (quality, quantity) except quarter.

Rare Spelling: because, cough, knowledge, sausage.

/Q/ in proverbs and sayings:

1. Honesty is the best policy.

2. A little pot is soon hot.

3. Be slow to promise and quick to perform.

4. Never put off till tomorrow what you can do today.

Vowel № 7 /O:/

Graphical Rules:

Vowel № 7 is represented in spelling by:

1. oor, our, oar (floor, door, your, course, board);

2. . the digraph or third syllable type (port, sort);

3. a followed by ll, l + cons. (all, tall, salt, chalk, wall);
4. ough, augh + t (thought, bought, caught, taught);

5. war(warm, ward).

Irregular readings: our, flour, sour, poor.

/O:/ in proverbs and sayings:

It never rains but it pours.

Vowel № 8 /U/

Graphical Rules:

Vowel № 8 is represented in spelling by:

1. the digraph oo followed by k (book, look, took);

2. the letter u after p, b, f (pull, bull, full).

Irregular Reading: but, bus, butter.

Rare Spelling: could, should, would, wolf, bouquet.

/U/ in proverbs and sayings:

1. A good beginning makes a good ending.

2. A good cook never cooks while looking into a cookery book.

3. Look before you leap.

Vowel № 9 /u:/

Graphical Rules:

Vowel № 9 is represented in spelling by:

1. the letter u in open syllables (tune, due, puny)

NOTE: It sounds /u:/preceded by l, j, r (June, rule, blue, true);

2. the digraphs eu_, ew (neutral, feudal, few, new);

3. ui (suit, fruit, cruise);

4. the digraph ou in words of French origin (group, soup, route, youth, wound, rouge, you).

Rare Spelling: shoe, beauty, queue, who, whom, whose, do, to, two, tomb.

/u:/ in proverbs and sayings:

1. No news is good news.

2. Bad news has wings.

3. That’s where the shoe pinches.

Vowel № 10 /V/

Graphical Rules:

Vowel № 10 is represented in spelling by:

1. the letter u in stressed syllables (hurry, uncle, consult);

2. о followed by m, n, v, th (come, some, son, ton, love, govern, mother, other);

3. the digraph ou followed by gh, bl(e), pl(e) (tough, enough, trouble, double, couple);

4. ou + other consonants (country, courage, cousin, youth, southern).

Rare and irregular spelling: blood, flood, worry, shove.

/V/ in proverbs and sayings:

1. So many countries so many customs.

2. Don't trouble trouble until trouble troubles you.

3. Love me, love my dog.

4. When two Sundays come together.

5. A storm in a tea-cup.

6. A man is known by the company he keeps.

7. As hungry as a hunter.

Vowel № 11 /3:/

Graphical Rules:

Vowel № 11 is represented in spelling by:

1. e, i, u, у followed by r third syllable type (term, service, bird, stir, fir, nurse, fur, turn);

2. ear + consonant (earth, heard).

Irregular readings: heart, hearth, worn, work, worst.

/3:/ in proverbs and sayings:

1. It’s an early bird that catches the first worm.

2. First come, first served.

3. Live and learn.

Vowel № 12 /@/

Graphical Rules:

Vowel № 12 is represented in spelling by:

1. the letter a in prefixes (about, asleep);

2. in suffixes er, or, ar, oar, ous (teacher, doctor, cellar, flavour, famous);

3. a, o, u non-accented (sofa, atom, column).

Diphthong № 13 /eI/

Graphical Rules:

Diphthong № 13 is represented in spelling by:

1. the letter "a" in open syllables (take, lake);

2. the digraphs ai, ay (main, plain, may, play);

3. ei, ey (veil, vein, neighbour, grey, they, convey).

Irregular Readings: key, height.

/eI/ in proverbs and sayings:

1. Make hey while the sun shines.

2. Make haste slowly.

3. Haste makes waste.

4. No gains without some pains.

Diphthong № 14 /@U/

Graphical Rules:

Diphthong № 14 is represented in spelling by:

1. the letter o in open syllables (go, home, moment);

2. the letter o followed by ll, ld, st (polk, roll, old, told, most, post);

3. the digraph ow (low, show, know, tomorrow);

4. the digraph oa (boat, road, load);

5. the letter о in word-final unstressed syllables (hero, photo, potato).

Exceptions to memorize: now, how, cow, row, brow, bow.

Irregular Spelling: shoulder, poultry, soul, owe, mould.

/@U/ in proverbs and sayings:

1. As you sow you shall mow./As you sow, so shall you reap.

2. True love never grows old.

3. When at Rome do as Romans do.

4. Be slow to promise and quick to perform.

Diphthong № 15 /aI/

Graphical Rules:

Diphthong № 15 is represented in spelling by:

1. the letters i, у in stressed open syllable (lie, fly, final, lime);

2. igh followed by t (light, night, sight);

3. the letter i followed by ld, nd (child, wild, kind, blind).

Irregular Spelling: either, neither.

Irregular Readings: wind, city, pity.

Diphthong № 16 /aU/

Graphical Rules:

Diphthong № 16 is represented in spelling by:

1. the digraph ou (out, thousand, stout);

2. the digraph ow(town, down, towel).

Irregular Spelling: drought, bough, plough.

/aU/ in proverbs and sayings;

1. A sound mind in a sound body.

2. Every cloud has a silver lining.

3. Actions speak louder than words.

4. To come out dry.

5. When angry, count a hundred.

Diphthong № 17 /OI/

Graphical Rules:

Diphthong № 17 is represented in spelling by:

the digraph oi, oy (oil, boil, toy, oyster).

Irregular Readings: tortoise.

/OI/ in proverbs and sayings:

The voice of one man is the voice of no man.

Diphthong № 18 /I@/

Graphical Rules:

Diphthong № 18 is represented in spelling by:

1. the letter combinations ere, ear, eer (here, sphere, hear, dear, fear, deer, beer, pioneer);

2. the letter combination ier (pier, fierce, cashier);

3. the letter e in open accented syllables + r (era, hero, period, serious).

Rare Spelling: theory, museum, theatre, idea, beard, real.

/I@/ in proverbs and sayings:

1. Neither here nor there.

2. Experience is the best teacher.

3. To be up to the ears in love.

Diphthong № 19 /e@/

Graphical Rules:

Diphthong № 19 is represented in spelling by:

1. the letter combinations are, air (hare, fare, care, prepare, hair, chair, air);

2. the letter a in open accented syllable followed by r (vary, Mary, parent, variant).

NOTE. Mind the rr case: marry, parrot.

Irregular Spelling: are, bear, wear, tear, where, there.

/e@/ in proverbs and sayings:

1. Where there's a will, there's a way.

2. After rain comes fair weather.

3. If you run after two hares, you'll catch neither.

Diphthong № 20 /U@/

Graphical Rules:

Diphthong № 20 is represented in spelling by:

1. the letter combination ure (cure, pure, sure);

2. the letter u in open accented syllable (fury, during).

Rare Spelling: poor, moor, tour, Europe.

Irregular Readings: to bury.

/U@/ in proverbs and sayings:

1. What can't be cured must be endured.

2. Slow but sure.

3. Curiosity killed a cat.

Tongue twisters

Six sick slick slim sycamore saplings.

A box of biscuits, a batch of mixed biscuits

A skunk sat on a stump and thunk the stump stunk,

but the stump thunk the skunk stunk.

Red lorry, yellow lorry, red lorry, yellow lorry.

Unique New York.

Six thick thistle sticks. Six thick thistles stick.

Is this your sister's sixth zither, sir?

A big black bug bit a big black bear,

made the big black bear bleed blood.

The sixth sick sheik's sixth sheep's sick.

Toy boat. Toy boat. Toy boat.

One smart fellow, he felt smart.

Two smart fellows, they felt smart.

Three smart fellows, they all felt smart.

Pope Sixtus VI's six texts.

I slit the sheet, the sheet I slit, and on the slitted sheet I sit.

She sells sea shells by the sea shore.

The shells she sells are surely seashells.

So if she sells shells on the seashore,

I'm sure she sells seashore shells.

Mrs. Smith's Fish Sauce Shop.

Shy Shelly says she shall sew sheets.

Three free throws.

Sam's shop stocks short spotted socks.

Knapsack straps.

Which wristwatches are Swiss wristwatches?

Lesser leather never weathered wetter weather better.

Inchworms itching.

A noisy noise annoys an oyster.

The myth of Miss Muffet.

Friendly Frank flips fine flapjacks.

Vincent vowed vengeance very vehemently.

Cheap ship trip.

I cannot bear to see a bear

Bear down upon a hare.

When bare of hair he strips the hare,

Right there I cry, "Forbear!"

Lovely lemon liniment.

Gertie's great-grandma grew aghast at Gertie's grammar.

Tim, the thin twin tinsmith

Fat frogs flying past fast.

Flee from fog to fight flu fast!

Greek grapes.

The boot black bought the black boot back.

How much wood would a woodchuck chuck

if a woodchuck could chuck wood?

He would chuck, he would, as much as he could,

and chuck as much wood as a woodchuck would

if a woodchuck could chuck wood.

We surely shall see the sun shine soon.

Moose noshing much mush.

Sly Sam slurps Sally's soup.

Six short slow shepherds.

Which witch wished which wicked wish?

Old oily Ollie oils old oily autos.

The two-twenty-two train tore through the tunnel.

Twelve twins twirled twelve twigs.

Three gray geese in the green grass grazing.

Gray were the geese and green was the grass.

Many an anemone sees an enemy anemone.

Nine nice night nurses nursing nicely.

Peggy Babcock.

Black bug's blood.

Flash message!

Six sticky sucker sticks.

If Stu chews shoes, should Stu

choose the shoes he chews?

Crisp crusts crackle crunchily.

Give papa a cup of proper coffee in a copper coffee cup.

Six sharp smart sharks.

What a shame such a shapely sash

should such shabby stitches show.

Sure the ship's shipshape, sir.

Betty better butter Brad's bread.

Sixish.

Don't pamper damp scamp tramps that camp under ramp lamps.

Six shimmering sharks sharply striking shins.

I thought a thought.

But the thought I thought wasn't the thought I thought I thought.

Brad's big black bath brush broke.

Thieves seize skis.

Chop shops stock chops.

Strict strong stringy Stephen Stretch

slickly snared six sickly silky snakes.

Truly rural.

The blue bluebird blinks.

Betty and Bob brought back blue balloons from the big bazaar.

The Leith police dismisseth us.

The seething seas ceaseth

and twiceth the seething seas sufficeth us.

Plague-bearing prairie dogs.

Ed had edited it.

She sifted thistles through her thistle-sifter.

Give me the gift of a grip top sock:

a drip-drape, ship-shape, tip-top sock.

While we were walking, we were watching window washers

wash Washington's windows with warm washing water.

Freshly fried fresh flesh.

Pacific Lithograph.

Six twin screwed steel steam cruisers.

The crow flew over the river with a lump of raw liver.

Preshrunk silk shirts

A bloke's back bike brake block broke.

A pleasant place to place a plaice is a place where a plaice is pleased to be placed.

I correctly recollect Rebecca MacGregor's reckoning.

Good blood, bad blood.

Quick kiss. Quicker kiss.

I saw Esau kissing Kate. I saw Esau,

he saw me, and she saw I saw Esau.

Cedar shingles should be shaved and saved.

Lily ladles little Letty's lentil soup.

Shelter for six sick scenic sightseers.

Listen to the local yokel yodel.

Give Mr. Snipa's wife's knife a swipe.

Whereat with blade,

with bloody, blameful blade,

he bravely broached his boiling bloody breast.

Are our oars oak?

Can you imagine an imaginary menagerie manager

imagining managing an imaginary menagerie?

A lusty lady loved a lawyer

and longed to lure him from his laboratory.

The epitome of femininity.

Kris Kringle carefully crunched on candy canes.

Please pay promptly.

What time does the wristwatch strap shop shut?

Girl gargoyle, guy gargoyle.

If a Hottentot taught a Hottentot tot

Will you, William?

Mix, Miss Mix!

Who washed Washington's white woolen underwear

when Washington's washer woman went west?

Two toads, totally tired.

Freshly-fried flying fish.

The sawingest saw I ever saw saw

was the saw I saw saw in Arkansas.

Just think, that sphinx has a sphincter that stinks!

Strange strategic statistics.

Sarah sitting in her Chevrolet,

All she does is sits and shifts,

All she does is sits and shifts.

Hi-Tech Traveling Tractor Trailor Truck Tracker

Six slippery snails, slid slowly seaward.

Three twigs twined tightly.

The ochre ogre ogled the poker.

Shredded Swiss chesse.

The soldiers shouldered shooters on their shoulders.

Theophiles Thistle, the successful thistle-sifter,

in sifting a sieve full of un-sifted thistles,

thrust three thousand thistles through the thick of his thumb.

Success to the successful thistle-sifter!

Thank the other three brothers of their father's mother's brother's side.

They both, though, have thirty-three thick thimbles to thaw.

Irish wristwatch.

Fred fed Ted bread, and Ted fed Fred bread.

Cows graze in groves on grass which grows in grooves in groves.

Tragedy strategy.

Date: 2015-12-11; view: 3180