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Proofs of God's existence in Aquinas's philosophy.

Formulated five proofs of God's existence . Argued that the nature of the ends in grace , reason in faith , philosophy revelation . 5 evidence : 1) the unmoved mover . Nothing can move itself . For this we need the original source movement. And this first engine, which is the beginning of the movement of all - there is a God . 2) causeless cause. Everything in the world has its cause . Each investigation has its own reason. Moving along a chain of causes , we get to the root cause. And this is the first reason - there is a God . 3) The cosmological proof. There was a time when there were no physical objects . But as they exist now, there must be something non-physical , which created it the most physical. This non-physical entity - is God. 4) Proof of the degree of perfection . Everything in the world is different and has a different degree of perfection. That is something beautiful, something less beautiful. But people do not know the absolute perfection. Since this most full perfection only God can possess . He is the absolute sovershentsvo.5 ) Proof of the divine plan . All that has been created in the world, created for a specific purpose . Everything has its purpose . Everything in the world - is no accident. And someone has created it all and put into all specified objectives . Hence , there is a creator and his name is God .

Question #21

The notion of syllogism in Aristotle's philosophy.

Aristotle defines the syllogism as a discourse in which certain (specific) things having been supposed, something different from the things supposed results of necessity because these things are so. Despite this very general definition, in Aristotle's work Prior Analytics, he limits himself to categorical syllogisms that consist of three categorical propositions. These include categorical modal syllogisms.
Aristotle's syllogism is referred to as formal logic. In Aristotle's Prior Analytics, "he argues that every deductive argument can be expressed as a series of syllogistic inferences. That the argument is unconvincing masks the fact that simply by raising the problem, Aristotle earns the right to be considered not only the father of logic, but also the grandfather of metalogic." By introducing the idea that arguments can be translated into syllogisms, Aristotle brought scientific thought into a new dimension -- it became possible to predict consequences by applying logic.
Aristotle defines a syllogism as a "logos in which, certain things being posited, something other than what is posited follows of necessity from their being so" This is the same idea that we saw in the modern definition which more clearly states that there must be two premises and one necessary conclusion. Although Aristotle did not state this pattern explicitly in his definition, his syllogisms fit this definition perfectly, as we saw in the Barbara syllogism.

Epicure’s life and philosophy.

Epicurus was an ancient Greek philosopher as well as the founder of the school of philosophy called Epicureanism. For Epicurus, the purpose of philosophy was to attain the happy and tranquil life. He taught that pleasure and pain are the measures of what is good and evil; death is the end of both body and soul and should therefore not be feared; the gods neither reward nor punish humans; the universe is infinite and eternal; and events in the world are ultimately based on the motions and interactions of atoms moving in empty space.



Epicurus is a key figure in the development of science and the scientific method because of his insistence that nothing should be believed, except that which was tested through direct observation and logical deduction. Many of his ideas about nature and physics presaged important scientific concepts of our time. Like Democritus, he was an atomist, believing that the fundamental constituents of the world were indivisible little bits of matter flying through empty space. Everything that occurs is the result of the atoms colliding, rebounding and becoming entangled with one another, with no purpose or plan behind their motions. His theory differs from the earlier atomism of Democritus because he admits that atoms do not always follow straight lines but their direction of motion may occasionally exhibit a 'swerve'. This allowed him to avoid the determinism implicit in the earlier atomism and to affirm free will.

Epicurus' philosophy is based on the theory that all good and bad derive from the sensations of what he defined as pleasure and pain: What is good is what is pleasurable, and what is bad is what is painful. His ideas of pleasure and pain were ultimately, for Epicurus, the basis for the moral distinction between good and evil.

The most notable schools in ancient Greek philosophy.The most notable schools in ancient Greek philosophy: Pythagoreanism, Heraclitus, Socrates, Plato and Aristotle.

Pythagoreanism:Pythagoras lived at roughly the same time that Xenophanes did and, in contrast to the latter, the school that he founded sought to reconcile religious belief and reason. Little is known about his life with any reliability, however, and no writings of his survive, so it is possible that he was simply a mystic whose successors introduced rationalism into Pythagoreanism, that he was simply a rationalist whose successors are responsible for the mysticism in Pythagoreanism, or that he was actually the author of the doctrine; there is no way to know for certain.

Heraclitus:Heraclitus must have lived after Xenophanes and Pythagoras, as he condemns them along with Homer as proving that much learning cannot teach a man to think. Contrary to the Milesian school, who would have one stable element at the root of all, Heraclitus taught that "everything flows" or "everything is in flux," the closest element to this flux being fire; he also extended the teaching that seeming opposites in fact are manifestations of a common substrate to good and evil itself.

Socrates:The beliefs of Socrates, as distinct from those of Plato, are difficult to discern. Little in the way of concrete evidence exists to demarcate the two. The lengthy presentation of ideas given in most of the dialogues may be deformed by Plato, and some scholars think Plato so adapted the Socratic style as to make the literary character and the philosopher himself impossible to distinguish. Others argue that he did have his own theories and beliefs, but there is much controversy over what these might have been, owing to the difficulty of separating Socrates from Plato and the difficulty of interpreting even the dramatic writings concerning Socrates. Consequently, distinguishing the philosophical beliefs of Socrates from those of Plato and Xenophon is not easy and it must be remembered that what is attributed to Socrates might more closely reflect the specific concerns of these thinkers.

Plato:Plato's dialogues feature Socrates, although not always as the leader of the conversation. Along with Xenophon, Plato is the primary source of information about Socrates' life and beliefs and it is not always easy to distinguish between the two. While the Socrates presented in the dialogues is often taken to be Plato's mouthpiece, Socrates' reputation for irony, his caginess regarding his own opinions in the dialogues, and his occasional absence from or minor role in the conversation serve to conceal Plato's doctrines. Much of what is said about his doctrines is derived from what Aristotle reports about them.

Aristotle:Aristotle is often portrayed as disagreeing with his teacher, Plato, and is represented as such in Raphael's School of Athens. Aristotle criticizes the regimes described in Plato's Republic and Laws, and calls the theory of forms a bunch of "empty words and poetic metaphors." Aristotle is generally presented as giving greater weight to empirical and practical concerns.Aristotle's fame was not great during the Hellenistic period, when Stoic logic was in vogue, but later peripatetic commentators popularized his work; it formed the basis of Islamic, Jewish, and Christian Medieval philosophy.

EXAM QUESTION #22

Aristotle’s philosophy of metaphysics.Metaphysics is one of the principal works of Aristotle and the first major work of the branch of philosophy with the same name. The Metaphysics is considered to be one of the greatest philosophical works. Aristotle encountered the theory of forms when he studied at the Academy, he believed that in every change there is something which persists through the change and something else which did not exist before, but comes into existence as a result of the change. To explain how Socrates comes to be born (since he did not exist before he was born) Aristotle says that it is ‘matter’ that underlies the change. All the things around us, all substances, are composites of two radically different things: form and matter.


Date: 2015-12-11; view: 902


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