Language is a social phenomenon, developing with the society, due to the varies social factors.
It is the reason why many specific branches of sociolinguistics exist.
3 basic parts (constituents) of the language:
Subsystems
Phonological
Lexical
Grammar
Phonological units determine the material appearance of words and word groups
A set of naming things
Set of regularities for writing and speaking, that regulates the formation of utterances
Correlation between grammar and meaning
Meaning grammatical and lexical
general narrowed, individ.
The important element of grammar form is Word order (direct, indirect, inverted)
plays specific role in the language,
differentiates the style of speaking
syntactic stylistic devices
Grammar subsystem regulates phonetics and lexics.
There is a Plain of content and plain of expression. Correlation between them is complicated. There is no 1 to - 1 correlation, thats why synonyms exist.
antonyms
homonyms
Relations between language units
Relations
Syntagmatic (SR)
Paradigmatic (PR)
Linear sequences of units
Syntactic Syntagma (SS) - the combination of 2 units, notional word grouping,
Relations in the absence
Types of SS:
PSS
predicative Syntactic Syntagma
Combinations of subj. and pred.
OSS
objective Syntactic Syntagma
Combinations of verb and obj.
AttrSS
attributive Syntactic Syntagma
Combinations of N and attr.
AdvSS
adverbial Syntactic Syntagma
Combinations of verb and adv.
The spaceship was launchedPSS without the help of a booster rocketAttrSS.
Units of languages
1. the hierarchy of segmental and suprasegmental units
2. levels of lingual units phonetic
morphemic
lexemic
phrasemic
proposemic
supraproposemic
3. syndetic and asyndetic; the functional status of level-forming units.
the functions of a Superproposeme - sentence grouping, that consists of some sentences
that are not isolated.
they make a different style of communication.
1. nominative
2. predicative
3. topicalization
4. stylization
the smallest unit of syntactics morpheme
the biggest superproposeme
2 sublevels of grammar
Lowest
Morphemic level
the smallest unit of MS (morph.system) morpheme means form (Bodyen de Kyrtene (1841)
Highest
Syntactic level
Lecture 3
The morphological subsystem of language
Morphemic structure of words
Word as a complex many-sided phenomenon
More insight into the morphemic structure of words
Specifics of the morpheme
morphemic structure of words
Morpheme means form.,
it is an abstract unit that represents MS through the numbers of its variants Morphs
general
ideal
smallest language unit
Allomorph means something actual, is the realization of the morpheme
concrete
Each word has its morphemic composition. we can find the morpheme only within the structure of a word.
(beauty/full - affix) 2 sides lexical and grammatical
2 criteria of a classification of a morpheme (traditional)
Positional
Semantic
Takes into account the position of a morpheme within a word
Morphemes contributes into general semantics of a word
Morphemes are represented by Morphs
Root morphemes and affixal morphemes