· The adverb suffix is -ly (although not all words that end in -ly are adverbs—like friendly)
List of English Suffixes
Our suffix word lists are the second part of our comprehensive root word tables:
Suffixes are word endings that add a certain meaning to the word.
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To jump to a word's listing, please click on its first letter:
a-d e-h i-m n-r s-z
Suffix
Meanings
Sample Words and Definitions
-able
able to be
excitable, portable, preventable
-ac
pertaining to
cardiac, hemophiliac, maniac
-acity (-ocity)
quality of
perspicacity, sagacity, velocity
-ade
act, action or process, product
blockade, cavalcade, promenade,
-age
action or process
passage, pilgrimage, voyage
-aholic (-oholic)
one with an obsession for
workaholic, shopaholic, alcoholic
-al
relating to
bacterial, theatrical, natural
-algia
pain
neuralgia, nostalgia,
-an (-ian)
relating to, belonging to
Italian, urban, African
-ance
state or quality of
brilliance, defiance, annoyance
-ant
a person who
applicant, immigrant, servant
inclined to, tending to
brilliant, defiant, vigilant
-ar
of or relating to, being
lunar, molecular, solar
a person who
beggar, burglar, liar
-ard
a person who does an action
coward, sluggard, wizard
-arian
a person who
disciplinarian, vegetarian, librarian
-arium (orium)
a place for
terrarium, aquarium, solarium
-ary
of or relating to
literary, military, budgetary
-ate
state or quality of (adj.)
affectionate, desolate, obstinate
makes the word a verb (different pronunciation)
activate, evaporate, medicate
-ation
action or process
creation, narration, emancipation
-ative
tending to (adj.)
creative, preservative, talkative
-cide
act of killing
homicide, suicide, genocide
-cracy
rule, government, power
bureaucracy, aristocracy, theocracy
-crat
someone who has power
aristocrat, bureaucrat, technocrat
-cule
diminutive (making something small)
molecule, ridicule,
-cy
state, condition or quality
efficiency, privacy, belligerency
-cycle
circle, wheel
bicycle, recycle, tricycle
-dom
condition of, state, realm
boredom, freedom, wisdom
-dox
belief, praise
orthodox, paradox
-ectomy
surgical removal of
appendectomy, hysterectomy
-ed
past tense
called, hammered, laughed
-ee
receiver, performer
nominee, employee, devotee
-eer
associated with/engaged in
engineer, volunteer
-emia
blood condition
anemia, hypoglycemia, leukemia
-en
makes the word a verb
awaken, fasten, strengthen
-ence
state or condition, action
absence, dependence, negligence
-ency
condition or quality
clemency, dependency, efficiency
-ent
inclined to performing/causing, or one who performs/causes
competent, correspondent, absorbent
-er
more
bigger, faster, happier
action or process
flutter, ponder, stutter
a person who does an action
announcer, barber, teacher
-ern
state or quality of
eastern, northern, western
-escence
state or process
adolescence, convalescence
-ese
relating to a place
Chinese, Congolese, Vietnamese
-esque
in the style of
Kafkaesque, grotesque, burlesque
-ess
female
actress, heiress, lioness
-est
most
funniest, hottest, silliest
-etic
relating to (makes the word an adj.)
athletic, energetic, poetic
-ette
diminutive (makes something smaller)
cigarette, diskette, kitchenette
-ful
full of
helpful, thankful, cheerful
-fy
make, cause (makes the word a verb)
amplify, falsify, terrify
-gam/gamy
marriage, union
monogam, polygamy
-gon/gonic
angle
hexagon, polygonic, pentagon
-hood
state, condition, or quality
childhood, neighborhood, motherhood
-ial
relating to
celestial, editorial, martial
-ian
relating to
Martian, utopian, pediatrician
-iasis
diseased condition
elephantiasis, psoriasis
-iatric
healing practice
pediatric, psychiatric,
-ible
able to be
audible, plausible, legible
-ic/ical
relating to, characterized by
analytic/al, comic/al, organic
-ile
relating to, capable of
agile, docile, volatile
-ily
in what manner
sloppily, steadily, zanily
-ine
relating to
canine, feminine, masculine
-ing
materials
bedding, frosting, roofing
action or process
dancing, seeing, writing
-ion
action or process
celebration, completion, navigation
-ious
having the qualities of, full of
ambitious, cautious, gracious
-ish
relating to, characteristic
apish, brutish, childish
-ism
state or quality
altruism, despotism, heroism
-ist
a person, one who does an action
artist, linguist, pianist
-ite
resident of, follower, product of
suburbanite, luddite, dynamite
-itis
inflammation, preoccupation
appendicitis, tonsillitis, frontrunneritis
-ity
state, condition, or quality
abnormality, civility, necessity
-ive
inclined to; quality of; that which
attractive, expensive, repulsive
-ization
act or process of making
colonization, fertilization, modernization
-ize
cause, treat, become
antagonize, authorize, popularize
-less
without
fearless, helpless, homeless
-let
version of
booklet, droplet, inlet
-like
resembling, characteristic
childlike, homelike, lifelike
-ling
younger or inferior
duckling, underling
-loger/logist
one who does
astrologer, cardiologist, chronologer
-log
speech
dialog, monolog,
-ly
in what manner
badly, courageously, happily
-ment
action, result
movement, placement, shipment
-ness
state or quality (makes a noun)
kindness, shyness, weakness
-oid
resembling
humanoid, tabloid, hemorrhoid
-ology
study of, science of
anthropology, archaeology, biology
-oma
tumor, swelling
carcinoma, osteoma, hematoma
-onym
name, word
synonym, antonym, homonym
-opia
eye defect
myopia, nyctalopia, hyperopia
-opsy
examination
biopsy, autopsy, necropsy
-or
a person who
inventor, legislator, translator
-ory
relating to
armory, dormitory, laboratory
-osis
process, diseased condition
diagnosis, prognosis, neurosis, psychosis
-ostomy/otomy
surgical
colostomy, lobotomy, craniotomy
-ous
full of
hazardous, humorous, wondrous
-path
one who engages in
homeopath, naturopath, psychopath
-pathy
feeling, diseased
sympathy, apathy, neuropathy
-phile
one who loves
bibliophile, audiophile, pyrophile
-phobia
abnormal fear of
acrophobia, claustrophobia, xenophobia
-phone
sound
homophone, telephone, microphone
-phyte
plant, to grow
zoophyte, cryptophyte, epiphyte
-plegia
paralysis
paraplegia, quadriplegia, hemiplegia
-plegic
one who is paralyzed
paraplegic, technoplegic, quadriplegic
-pnea
air, spirit
apnea, hyperpnea, orthopnea
-scopy/scope
visual exam
arthroscopy, gastroscopy, microscope
-scribe/script
to write
transcript, describe, manuscript
-sect
to cut
dissect, insect, bisect
-ship
state or condition of, skill of
authorship, citizenship, friendship
-sion
state or quality
confusion, depression, tension
-some
characterized by, group of
cumbersome, quarrelsome, foursome
-sophy/sophic
wisdom, knowledge
philosophy, theosophy, anthroposophic
-th
state or quality
depth, length, strength
-tion
state or quality
attention, caution, fascination
-tome/tomy
to cut
hysterectomy, epitome, tonsillotome
-trophy
nourishment, growth
atrophy, hypertrophy, dystrophy
-tude
state, condition or quality
fortitude, gratitude, magnitude
-ty
state, condition or quality
ability, honesty, loyalty
-ular
relating to or resembling
cellular, circular, muscular
-uous
state or quality of
arduous, tumultuous, virtuous
-ure
action, condition
closure, erasure, failure
-ward
specifies direction
backward, eastward, homeward
-ware
things of the same type or material
hardware, software, kitchenware
-wise
in what manner of direction
clockwise, lengthwise, otherwise
-y
made up of, characterized
brainy, fruity, gooey
Use a prefixes to find the opposite of these verbs:
1- wrap
2- use
3- agree
4- engage
behave
6- understand
7- fold
8- spell
9- connect
10- close
Put the words in brackets in the appropriate form (use a prefixes or a suffixes):
He was acting in a very way. (child)
She looked .She started to cry. (happy)
He passed his exam. He was for the second time. (succeed)
The team that he supported were able to win the . (champion)
I couldn't find any in his theory. (weak)
He wants to be a when he grows up. (mathematics)
There were only a of people at the match. (hand)
The road was too narrow, so they had to it. (wide)
I think that you should your decision. It may not be the best thing to do. (consider)
You need a of motivation, organization and hard work to realize your dreams.(combine)
Giving advice
Top of Form
Bottom of Form
Here are some ways through which we can give advice or make recommendations:
For example, imagine that your friend is worried that she is getting fat. She asks you for some advice. You can respond using the following phrases:
You should take some exercise. You ought to eat more fruit and vegetables. Why don't you go jogging? How about eating less sugary food?
For stronger advice you can use 'have to' or 'must':
You must see a doctor You have to take her to see that movie. She'll love it!
Using suggest and recommend
There are two ways which we can use 'recommend' and 'suggest':
I suggesttaking a holiday. I suggest (that) you take a holiday.
I recommend going to bed earlier. I recommend (that) you goto bed earlier.
Using imperatives to give advice
We can use imperative verbs + '-ing' to give advice. Let's look at some more examples using your fat friend!:
Start going to the gym. Stop drinking so much coke. Consider switching to brown bread and rice. Try cycling to work.
· You ___ to leave as soon as you can.
ought must should could
· They ___ fix that broken traffic signal.
have try ought must
· You should start ___ for your future.
saving saved safe save
· How ___ sending them some flowers?
about should try must
· Try ___ your own lunch instead of buying it.
making must make made
Good Advice: giving advice and making suggestions
Giving advice and making suggestions are two different language functions, but in real life they often go together. Let’s see here some very common constructions you can use to give advice to a friend.
SHOULD You should go to the doctor, he’ll tell you what to do You shouldn’t go to bed so late, you need more sleep WHY DON’T YOU I know it’s difficult to find, but why don’t you look on the Internet? Why don’t you wait here for a moment, I’m sure she will be back very soon HOW ABOUT + ING (or YOU + bare infinitive) You look bored. How about going for a walk? We could go to the river. How about you stay here and I go and look for help?
MUST/HAVE TO [strong advice] You must go to the doctor immediately, that looks serious. You have to take her to that movie, she’s going to love it.
IF I WERE YOU (+ would) If I were you, I’d send her an e-mail saying sorry If I were you, I wouldn’t buy that book YOU’D BETTER (not) + bare infinitive (colloquial often: YOU BETTER...) You’d better not call her now, she must be too angry with you You better come to my house and ask my father
YOU’D BE CRAZY (not) TO That girl is wonderful. You’d be crazy not to love her The house you showed me is so expensive. You’d be crazy to buy it. IT’S HIGH TIME YOU (+ simple past) You can’t be with that job all your life. It’s high time you started looking for a new job. I think it’s high time we went home, it’s too late.
SUGGEST (+ that you (should) ) I suggest that you eat more vegetables I suggest that you should take a holiday, you look so tired
IMPERATIVES (start, stop, try, consider...) + ing Stop drinking so much coffee, it’s not healthy Start going to the gym Try talking to him, you may convince him Consider buying a new bicycle and give the old one to your little brother
Notes: Advice is the noun, Advise is the verb He always gives very good advice. I advise you to buy the cheaper one "Advice" is an uncountable noun, so you can’t say “an advice”, you must say “some advice” or “a piece of advice”
I’ll give you some advice, if you want to listen That was only a piece of advice, not an order
TIP: many people don’t like getting advice if they haven't asked for it! To avoid giving the wrong impression, you can try some of these expressions:
I think you should tell your parents You could always… tell your parents Have you considered… telling your parents? Have you thought about… telling your parents? Perhaps we could… tell your parents In your position, I would… tell your parents You should perhaps… tell your parents It may be a good idea to... tell your parents Maybe you can... tell your parents
I think you shouldn’t tell your parents
Do you think it's a good idea to… tell your parents? Are you sure it’s a good idea to... tell your parents? I don’t know if it’s a good idea to... tell your parents I don’t know about you, but I would never... tell your parents Maybe you should think twice if you’re going to... tell your parents I’m not so sure about... telling your parents And, of course, we can also use the positive phrases in the negative: You could always not... tell your parents Have you considered not... telling your parents? It may be a good idea not to... tell your parents etc