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B. LINE PERPENDICULAR TO A PLANEA. PERPENDICULAR LINES Definition: (perpendicular lines) Two lines a and b are perpendicular to each other if the angle between them is 90°. For intersecting lines we can easily define the perpendicularity. But, if the lines are skew lines then we will take any point on one of the lines and draw a parallel line to the other line. If the angle between these two intersecting lines is 90° then the given skew lines are said to be perpendicular. Theorem:If one of two parallel lines is perpendicular to a third line, the other is perpendicular too. Proof:
Through any point A, let us draw lines m1 and c1 so that m1 // m and c1 // c.
Since m ⊥ c, the angle between m1 and c1 is 90°.
On the other hand, since m1 // m and m // b, we get m1 // b.
So the angle between b and c is also 90°.
That means b and c are perpendicular lines Example 26:By using perpendicularity, prove that if two lines are parallel to the same line they are parallel.
m // n and d // n. We need to prove that m // d.
Let A be a point on n. We can draw a plane α perpendicular to n at A. So n ⊥ α.
Since m // n and n ⊥ α, m ⊥ α because of the previous theorem.
Since d // n and n ⊥ α then d ⊥ α .
Since m and d are perpendicular to α by using the previous theorem they are parallel. Check Yourself 8 1.State the followings as true or false. a.Two lines d and k are parallel to the same plane. If a line l is perpendicular to line d it must be always perpendicular to line k. b.Two perpendicular lines are given in space. If a line is perpendicular to these lines at their intersection point then this line is perpendicular to the plane, which includes the perpendicular lines. c.Given that d, k and l are three lines in space. If d and k are perpendicular to line l they must be parallel to each other. d.Two lines d and k in a plane are perpendicular to the same line l. Another line m is parallel to line l then m is perpendicular to d and k, also. Answers 1.a) False b) True c) False d) True B. LINE PERPENDICULAR TO A PLANE Definition: (line perpendicular to a plane) A line is said to be perpendicular to a plane if it is perpendicular to every line in this plane.
Let us say that m is a line and α is a plane. If it is given that m ^ α then m is perpendicular to any line in α. If m ^ α then m intersects α. To prove this statement let us assume that m does not intersect α.
In this case there are two possibilities for m and α : 1.m is in α. Then since it is not perpendicular to a line in α, that is itself, m is not perpendicular to α. 2.m is parallel to α. In this case in α there can be found a line parallel to m. So m can not be perpendicular to α.
In both conditions m is not perpendicular to α.
Therefore, m intersects α. Definition: (inclined line) If a line intersects a plane but not perpendicular to the plane it is called an inclined line. Theorems: 1. If a line is perpendicular to two intersecting lines lying in a plane then it is perpendicular to the plane. 2.Through any given point in space, there can be drawn one and only one plane perpendicular to a given line. 3.If one of two parallel lines is perpendicular to a plane then the other line is also perpendicular to the same plane. 4.Two lines perpendicular to the same plane are parallel. 5.Through a point in space, there can be drawn only one line perpendicular to a given plane. 6.If a line is perpendicular to one of two parallel planes, it is perpendicular to the other. Proofs:
1.We need to prove that if a line is perpendicular to two intersecting lines in a plane it is perpendicular to any line in this plane. Let d be a line perpendicular to two lines m and n lying in α. Let A be the intersection point of m and n.
It is obvious that d is perpendicular to every line in α which is parallel to either one of m or n (Figure 1.37).
So we should check for the lines which are not parallel to neither m nor n.
Let x be any line intersecting both m and n.
We have to prove that d is perpendicular to x too.
Let us shift lines d and x so that A is on d and x.
Let c be any line in α intersecting m, n, x at points C, D, E respectively.
On line d let us take two points B and B' so that BA = B'A.
Then DBAC and DB'AC are congruent, similarly DBAD and DB'AD are congruent (by S.A.S.).
So BD = B'D and BC = B'C.
Then DBDC and DB'DC are congruent (by S.S.S.). That means ∠BDC = ∠B'DC.
Then DBDE and DB'DE are congruent triangles (by S.A.S.).
So BE = B'E and DBAE and DB'AE are congruent (by S.S.S.).
Hence ∠BAE = ∠B'AE = 90°.
So d is perpendicular to x.
Therefore d is perpendicular to any line in α. So d ⊥ α.
Date: 2015-12-11; view: 1916
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